Harvard Business School Cases — Business and Government
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Case Author(s): Hooijberg, Robert; van der Kaaij, Jan Publication Date: 01/01/2003 Revision Date: 03/08/2004 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: IMD - International Institute for Management Development Product Description: Describes the founding of a fair trade coffee company. Asks participants to develop a business plan for the introduction of fairly traded Mexican coffee into the Dutch market. HBS Number: IMD165 Event Year Start: 1985Event Year End: 1985 Subjects: Agricultural cooperatives; Beverages; Business plans; International trade; Mexico; Netherlands; Strategic planning; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement (Field), (IMD167), 9p, by Robert Hooijberg, Jan van der Kaaij; Supplement (Field), (IMD168), 12p, by Robert Hooijberg, Jan van der Kaaij; Teaching Note, (IMD166), 42p, by Robert Hooijberg, Jan van der Kaaij
Teaching Note Author(s): Hooijberg, Robert; van der Kaaij, Jan Publication Date: 09/01/2004 Product Type: Teaching Note Publisher: IMD - International Institute for Management Development HBS Number: IMD166 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Teaching Note to (IMD165), (IMD167), and (IMD168). Must be used with: (IMD165) Building a Sustainable, Profitable Business: Fair Trade Coffee (A); (IMD168) Building a Sustainable, Profitable Business: Fair Trade Coffee (C); (IMD167) Building a Sustainable, Profitable Business: Fair Trade Coffee (B).
Case Author(s): Hooijberg, Robert; van der Kaaij, Jan Publication Date: 01/01/2003 Revision Date: 02/21/2005 Product Type: Supplement (Field) Publisher: IMD - International Institute for Management Development Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. Must be used with: (IMD165) Building a Sustainable, Profitable Business: Fair Trade Coffee (A). HBS Number: IMD167 Subjects: Agricultural cooperatives; Beverages; Business plans; International trade; Mexico; Netherlands; Strategic planning; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (IMD166), 42p, by Robert Hooijberg, Jan van der Kaaij
Case Author(s): Hooijberg, Robert; van der Kaaij, Jan Publication Date: 01/01/2003 Revision Date: 03/08/2004 Product Type: Supplement (Field) Publisher: IMD - International Institute for Management Development Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. Must be used with: (IMD165) Building a Sustainable, Profitable Business: Fair Trade Coffee (A). HBS Number: IMD168 Subjects: Agricultural cooperatives; Beverages; Business plans; International trade; Mexico; Netherlands; Strategic planning; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (IMD166), 42p, by Robert Hooijberg, Jan van der Kaaij
Case Author(s): Gual, Jordi; Stroumina, M. Publication Date: 04/21/2005 Revision Date: 05/18/2005 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: IESE University of Navarra HBS Number: IES096 Geographic Setting: Bulgaria; Hungary; Spain; United Kingdom Industry Setting: Aerospace industry; Property management Subjects: Country analysis; EC single market; Economic analysis; Economic development; Macroeconomics Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (IES097), 6p, by Jordi Gual, M. Stroumina Product Description: Uses Bulgaria as an example of an Eastern European economy of transition. Presents the main facts about the country and the economic developments during the Communist years. Looks at the challenges of the early transition years and the 1997 financial crisis, focusing on issues common to Eastern European countries — the high social cost of reforms, dependent central bank, hyperinflation, and currency devaluation. Also looks at the currency board arrangement, its successes (macroeconomic stability and improved image of the country with international investors) and challenges (high social cost due to severe reduction of budget deficit and high current account deficits due to real appreciation of the Bulgarian lev). Discusses the trade and competitiveness of the Bulgarian economy, as well as the economy in 2004. Finally, offers an overview of the EU accession process: Can 2007 be considered a sure entry date for Bulgaria? What new challenges will the country face after accession?
Teaching Note Author(s): Gual, Jordi; Stroumina, M. Publication Date: 02/09/2005 Revision Date: 05/06/2005 Product Type: Teaching Note Publisher: IESE University of Navarra HBS Number: IES097 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (IES096) Bulgaria: On the Road to EU Membership.
Case Author(s): Emmons, Willis Publication Date: 03/02/1993 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Describes Burroughs Wellcome's response to protests over the pricing of its AIDS drug AZT in September 1989. Also presents short-term reactions by government officials, AIDS activists, and investors to Burroughs Wellcome's strategy. Must be used with: (9-792-004) Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A). HBS Number: 9-793-114 Industry Setting: Pharmaceutical industry Subjects: Ethics; Multinational corporations; Political risk; Pricing strategy; Public relations Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-793-023), 29p, by Willis Emmons
Case Author(s): Emmons, Willis Publication Date: 03/02/1993 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Describes key developments relating to Burroughs Wellcome, AZT and other AIDS drugs, and the AIDS issue in general from late 1989 through 1992. Includes excerpts from Wellcome PLC's financial statements and updated statistics on AIDS in the United States. Must be used with: (9-792-004) Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A). HBS Number: 9-793-115 Industry Setting: Pharmaceutical industry Subjects: Ethics; Multinational corporations; Political risk; Pricing strategy; Public relations Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-793-023), 29p, by Willis Emmons
Case Author(s): Goldberg, Ray A.; Hogan, Hal Publication Date: 11/03/2003 Revision Date: 03/08/2004 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: Florida Citrus Department has to deal with increasing competition from Brazil. What position should the industry take on its existing tariff? Who benefits? Who loses? Teaching Purpose: Globalization impacts all major commodity systems. Considers how nations can protect themselves and still work together. HBS Number: 9-904-415 Geographic Setting: FloridaIndustry Setting: citrusGross Revenues: $9 billion revenues Event Year Start: 2003Event Year End: 2003 Subjects: Agribusiness; Agriculture; Competition; Global Research Group; Globalization; Government policy; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Leamon, Ann; Hardymon, G. Felda; Lerner, Josh Publication Date: 01/15/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-809-073 Geographic Setting: Canada Industry Setting: Pension funds industry Number of Employees: 450 Gross Revenues: ~$10B Event Year Start: 2008 Event Year End: 2008 Subjects: Finance; Investment management; Investments; Limited partnerships; Private equity Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board is one of the largest and fastest-growing pools of investment capital in the world and follows an unusually active program of investment management. In the market turmoil of late 2008, Mark Wiseman, Senior Vice President of the Private Investments Department, must decide if this approach is still the best way to fulfill his organization's goal of protecting and increasing the pension assets of 17 million Canadians.
Case Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi; Alfaro, Laura Publication Date: 04/03/2002 Revision Date: 09/25/2002 Product Type: Note Product Description: Only in the waning years of the 20th century did international financial markets begin to enjoy the freedom from government regulation that they had experienced before the first world war. By 2002, international capital markets had grown to be enormous--$1.2 trillion flowed around the globe per day. The massive size of the market presented policy makers with a serious challenge, as they were forced to grapple with the costs and benefits of such mobile capital. This note briefly relates the modern history of capital controls and summarizes scholarship on the advantages and disadvantages of international financial market regulation. Teaching Purpose: The advantages and disadvantages of international financial market regulation. HBS Number: 9-702-082 Subjects: Business government relations; Economic development; Foreign exchange; Government policy; International banking; International finance; Policy making Academic Discipline: Business & government
Teaching Note Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 05/05/2005 Revision Date: 08/02/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-705-039 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Teaching Note to (9-705-031). Must be used with: (9-705-031) Capital Controls in Chile in the 1990s (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/08/2005 Revision Date: 07/17/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-705-031 Geographic Setting: Chile Event Year Start: 1970 Event Year End: 1998 Subjects: Developing countries; Economic growth; Globalization; International finance; Monetary policy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement (Field), (9-705-032), 11p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel; Teaching Note, (5-705-039), 16p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: In 1991, Chile adopted a framework of capital controls focused on reducing the massive flows of foreign investment coming into the country as international interest rates remained low. Capital inflows threatened the Central Bank's ability to manage the exchange rate within a crawling band, which aimed eventually to lower Chile's rate of inflation to international levels. Until the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the Russian debt crisis of August 1998, the Chilean economy performed spectacularly under, or perhaps in spite of, these controls. In the aftermath of the Asian and Russian crises, Chile's economy began to suffer through both trade and financial channels. Chile's current account deteriorated not only because Chile relied on Asia as a market for one-third of its exports, but also as the price of cooper, Chile's largest export product, plummeted in the face of dwindling Asian demand. Financial flows to Chile, like to emerging markets in general, fell dramatically as investors panicked. By the end of 1999, Chile had experienced Latin America's most severe “sudden stop” of external capital flows. In this new economic environment, Chile was forced to reevaluate its system of capital controls. Many observers in the private sector blamed the controls for unnecessa
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/09/2005 Revision Date: 06/23/2005 Product Type: Supplement (Field) Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. Must be used with: (9-705-031) Capital Controls in Chile in the 1990s (A). HBS Number: 9-705-032 Geographic Setting: South America Subjects: Developing countries; Economic growth; Globalization; International finance; Monetary policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Goldberg, Ray A.; Porraz, Jose Miguel Publication Date: 12/04/2002 Revision Date: 04/11/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-903-420 Geographic Setting: United States Industry Setting: Agribusiness Number of Employees: 97,000 Gross Revenues: $51 billion revenues Event Year Start: 1998 Event Year End: 1998 Subjects: Agribusiness; Commodity markets; Globalization; International business; Strategic intent; Strategy formulation Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement, (9-907-415), 23p, by Ray A. Goldberg, Jose Miguel Porraz Product Description: Cargill is one of the world's leading marketers, processors, and distributors of agricultural, food, industrial, and financial products. In 1998, the company decided to develop a strategic intent to restructure and refocus the company. It did so in response to the consolidation of the industry, globalization, and the impact of the genetic revolution. It had to change its focus from the producer to the consumer and market solutions.
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Douiri, Ismail Publication Date: 01/06/2000 Revision Date: 09/28/2000 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: Examines the founding and development of an investment bank in Morocco. Two Moroccan expatriates return from Paris and enter the brokerage business. Over the next six years they build the leading financial services firm in the country. Concludes with a series of challenges in 1999. HBS Number: 9-700-063 Geographic Setting: MoroccoIndustry Setting: investment bankingNumber of Employees: 100Gross Revenues: $20 million revenues Event Year Start: 1993Event Year End: 1999 Subjects: Africa; Emerging markets; Financial services; Globalization; Investment banking Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Wells, Louis T., Jr. Publication Date: 06/20/2007 Product Type: Case (Gen Exp) HBS Number: 9-707-052 Geographic Setting: Global Subjects: Bribery; Developing countries; Ethics; International business Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: “Caselets” present several examples of decisions involving bribery or take other actions that could be considered as corrupt.
Case Author(s): Podolny, Joel; Roberts, John; Han, Joon; Hodge, Andrea Publication Date: 07/09/1999 Revision Date: 06/11/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University HBS Number: IB17 Subjects: International business; Mergers & Acquisitions Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: During the 1990s, CEMEX went from being a purely domestic producer of cement and ready mix in Mexico to the third largest firm in the rapidly globalizing cement industry, with operations in North and South America, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large trading operation. CEMEX's first moves to internationalize itself, by exporting to the United States, fell afoul of an antidumping ruling. It then began a series of acquisitions, first in Spain and then in Central and South America. This case describes the acquisitions and the process of post-merger acquisition. It raises the issue of whether the economic crisis in Southeast Asia presents opportunities for further expansion. Can be used to examine the logic and process of internationalization in a commodity business and the selection of markets to enter. Can also be used to examine the basis for globalization of what many would think of as a very local business. Finally, it presents an opportunity to examine the logic of global competitive moves, as CEMEX's entry into Spain, which was intended explicitly to counter a European rival's aggressive expansion in Mexico. May be used with: (P4) Cemex and Antidumping.
Case Author(s): McCraw, Thomas K. Publication Date: 07/09/1991 Revision Date: 08/31/1998 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Describes the development of chain stores and their opposition up to the Robinson-Patman Act. HBS Number: 9-391-251 Geographic Setting: UnspecifiedIndustry Setting: retail stores Subjects: Business history; Franchising; Legislation; Retailing Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-396-048), 6p, by Richard S. Tedlow
Case Author(s): Segel, Arthur I.; Mandelbaum, Jeff; Panossian, Armen Publication Date: 06/09/2004 Revision Date: 04/07/2005 Product Type: Note Product Description: Begins with a brief overview of the bankruptcy process, discussing key debtor protections and the administration of claims against the estate. Discusses the treatment of bankruptcies filed by property owners. Also summarizes the tenant's bankruptcy protections and powers relating to the creditor-landlord. Ends with a brief comparison of international bankruptcy regimes. Teaching Purpose: To provide an overview of the bankruptcy process. HBS Number: 9-804-194 Subjects: Bankruptcy; Legal aspects of business; Real estate Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Shih-Ta Chen, Michael; Retsinas, Nicolas P. Publication Date: 03/21/2007 Revision Date: 11/15/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-207-090 Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Emerging markets; Real estate Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: As part of its expansion and diversification strategy, the Chiaphua Group explored real estate investments in emerging markets. The Group was one of the largest privately held company groups based in Hong Kong, with international investments in a variety of manufacturing and property development. A family member, Raymond Cheng, had narrowed the list of potential markets to Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Notwithstanding a history of instability and conflict and substantial government control of markets, Raymond concluded that Vietnam was the best option. Revolves around how to assess the market in the absence of hard data, and what would be the appropriate entry points. Illuminates how relationship-driven investments can be the foundation of a long-term investment strategy. Issues also involve how, by working with government through a structured forum (along with personal relations), laws and regulations can evolve to facilitate real estate investments.
Case Author(s): Shih-Ta Chen, Michael; Retsinas, Nicolas P. Publication Date: 03/21/2007 Revision Date: 03/10/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 207090 Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Emerging markets; Real estate Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (208122), 7p, by Nicolas Retsinas Product Description: As part of its expansion and diversification strategy, the Chiaphua Group explored real estate investments in emerging markets. The Group was one of the largest privately held company groups based in Hong Kong, with international investments in a variety of manufacturing and property development. A family member, Raymond Cheng, had narrowed the list of potential markets to Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Notwithstanding a history of instability and conflict and substantial government control of markets, Raymond concluded that Vietnam was the best option. Revolves around how to assess the market in the absence of hard data, and what would be the appropriate entry points. Illuminates how relationship-driven investments can be the foundation of a long-term investment strategy. Issues also involve how, by working with government through a structured forum (along with personal relations), laws and regulations can evolve to facilitate real estate investments.
Case Author(s): Scott, Bruce R.; Leight, Jessica Publication Date: 02/05/2007 Revision Date: 09/12/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-907-411 Geographic Setting: Chile Event Year Start: 1970 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Capitalism; Economic policy; Government policy; Income Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Following the violent overthrow of the Allende regime, Chile embarked on economic reforms that emphasized free markets. These reforms were followed by rising inequality as well as growth. In 2005, business leaders speak out on the necessity of reducing the inequalities.
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K. Publication Date: 05/06/1996 Revision Date: 09/26/1997 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Updates China (A): The Great Awakening. To be handed out in class following discussion of the case. Must be used with: (9-794-019) China (A): The Great Awakening. HBS Number: 9-796-167 Subjects: China; Economic development; Foreign investment Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Tran, Elyssa Publication Date: 11/09/2001 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: The emergence of China was one of the most important features of the world economy in the last quarter of the 20th century. At the dawn of the new millennium, most observers believe its subsequent development would be one of the most important features of the 21st century. This view has been bolstered by the successful completion of bilateral negotiations with the United States (in November 1999) and the European Union (in May 2000) over China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). A growing concern over the impact that China's economic emergence would have on the region, however, has caused policymakers and managers in Asia to begin to take stock of the impact of China's economic emergence on their own economies. This case is designed for an MBA-level course in international business. It explores the interactions between China and its neighbors to date and considers how those interactions will change as China emerges on the world economic stage in the 21st century. Also analyzes the effect of China's entry into the WTO on its neighbors. May be used with: (HKU100) China and the Sino-US WTO Agreement. HBS Number: HKU159 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: China; Competition; International trade Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU160), 20p, by Michael J. Enright, Elyssa Tran
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Lee, Andrew Publication Date: 01/01/2000 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: The United States and China signed a historic agreement on November 15, 1999 that would pave the way for China to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). While both sides trumpeted the agreement, it would also have profound impacts across various sectors of the Chinese economy. This case is designed for an MBA-level course in International Business. Highlights the major themes of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, and traces its 13-year effort to join the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO. Allows for an exploration of international trade relations, the linkages between international trade and domestic economy, and the challenges of emerging and transitional economies. May be used with: (HKU159) China and Its Neighbours. HBS Number: HKU100 Geographic Setting: China Event Year Start: 1999Event Year End: 1999 Subjects: China; Economic development; International business; International trade Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Abrami, Regina Publication Date: 04/05/2004 Revision Date: 09/19/2005 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: In late 2001, the People's Republic of China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Sets the terms of China's accession agreement against its compliance record some two years later. Discusses why key actors, such as business, organized labor, and other governments, either favored or opposed China's entry into the WTO. In addition, provides historical background on Chinese foreign economic relations, especially trade relations with the United States. Also covers recent changes in China's domestic political economy, including discussion of its new political leadership. HBS Number: 9-704-041 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Economic conditions; International relations; International trade; Leadership; Political systems Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Abrami, Regina Publication Date: 07/08/2004 Revision Date: 09/28/2004 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: In late 2001, the People's Republic of China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Sets the terms of China's accession agreement against its compliance record some two years later. Discusses why key actors, such as business, organized labor, and other governments, either favored or opposed China's entry into the WTO. In addition, provides historical background on Chinese foreign economic relations, especially trade relations with the United States. Also covers recent changes in China's domestic political economy, including discussion of its new political leadership. HBS Number: 9-705-002 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Economic conditions; International relations; International trade; Leadership; Political systems Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K.; Galef, Julia Publication Date: 12/22/2006 Revision Date: 04/26/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-707-032 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Economic conditions; International relations; International trade; Leadership; Political systems; Politics; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: China has been a member of the WTO for more than five years. Its implementation of requirements has been a mixed bag. While China's growth is still spectacular, many institutional problems remain. And there is a new problem — a spectacular trade asymmetry with the United States.
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K.; Galef, Julia Publication Date: 12/22/2006 Revision Date: 04/09/2008 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 707032 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Economic conditions; International relations; International trade; Leadership; Political systems; Politics; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (708009), 9p, by Richard H.K. Vietor Product Description: China has been a member of the WTO for more than five years. Its implementation of requirements has been a mixed bag. While China's growth is still spectacular, many institutional problems remain. And there is a new problem — a spectacular trade asymmetry with the United States.
Teaching Note Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K. Publication Date: 09/05/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-708-009 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-707-032) China and the WTO: What Price Membership?.
Case Author(s): Abrami, Regina; Zhang, Weiqi Publication Date: 11/19/2007 Revision Date: 12/19/2008 Product Type: Note HBS Number: 9-308-064 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Developing countries; Economic development; Global business Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: “Rising China: An Economic Snapshot” provides readers with an overview of China's economic transformation, relying on economic data from a variety of sources. It is organized into three sections: (1) “The Big Picture” explores macroeconomic indicators, as well as those associated with the opportunities and constraints of the business environment; (2) “Regional Variation” makes a strong case for situating any analysis of China's economy in context; and finally (3) “China and the Global Economy” shows how China's engagement with the global economy has changed overtime. These materials should be of interest to observers and participants of Chinese business, and as a means to consider the bigger picture shaping the environment in which they must operate. In addition, they may be used as a basis for class discussion and lecture, or as a complement to cases focused on companies doing business in China.
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K.; Thompson, Emily J. Publication Date: 09/15/2000 Revision Date: 04/30/2004 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Updates the case. Must be used with: (9-798-066) China: Facing the 21st Century. HBS Number: 9-701-033 Subjects: China; Economic development; Macroeconomics Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Mottahedeh, Kasra; Bushehri, M. Publication Date: 09/14/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU662 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: IT industry; Telecommunications industry Subjects: Barriers; Regulations; Telecommunications; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU663), 6p, by Kasra Mottahedeh, M. Bushehri Product Description: The rise of China Telecom's Xiaolingtong mobile technology has given rise to a regulatory debate. Xiaolingtong behaves like a mobile phone (users can roam from city to city and their wireless handsets have SIM cards), but since the technology runs off the fixed-line telecommunications backbone, it is regulated as a fixed-line system. Therefore, although it competes with mobile service providers, it always has the upper hand since it charges fixed-line rates, thereby skewing the mobile market in its favor. Is the Ministry of Information Industry turning a blind eye to this emerging communications technology?
Case Author(s): Ramon-Berjano, Carola; Wong, Ka-Fu; Iizaka, Hitomi Publication Date: 05/04/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU660 Geographic Setting: China; Japan Industry Setting: Agriculture industry Subjects: Agriculture; International trade; Trade policy; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU661), 9p, by Carola Ramon-Berjano, Ka-Fu Wong, Hitomi Iizaka Product Description: In April 2001, Japan curbed imports on three Chinese farm products — fresh shiitake mushrooms, rushes for grass mats, and Chinese onions. In retaliation, in June 2001 China imposed a 100% punitive tariff on imports of three Japanese export products — motor vehicles, mobile phones, and air conditioners. Japan was accused of violating WTO rules. The dispute was subsequently resolved, but given that China was not a WTO member at the time of the dispute, the dispute generated a lot of controversy regarding trade safeguard measures. Introduces students to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and compares it to the old GATT system, and highlights the role of political interest groups in trade policy. Questions whether Japan had a case for citing their safeguard measures or was it just protecting its powerful shiitake mushroom farmers. In addition, questions whether WTO membership would in turn protect China from trade disputes such as this one.
Teaching Note Author(s): Ramon-Berjano, Carola; Wong, Ka-Fu; Iizaka, Hitomi Publication Date: 05/04/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU661 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (HKU660) China Versus Japan: On the Verge of a Trade War.
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard; Galef, Julia Publication Date: 03/01/2007 Revision Date: 04/05/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-707-022 Geographic Setting: China Gross Revenues: $2.2 trillion revenues Event Year Start: 1976 Event Year End: 1997 Subjects: Economic development; Exchange rates; Foreign direct investment; Macroeconomics; Politics; Privatization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: In 1978, Deng Xiaoping assumed the leadership of an impoverished China, after Mao Zedong's disastrous Cultural Revolution. During the next 17 years, Deng applied pragmatic policies to liberalize the Chinese economy gradually while maintaining the power of the Communist state. In hindsight, this strategy was among the most successful development strategies ever. Reviews Chinese political history and explores in detail eight parts of Deng's development strategy. Concludes by looking at the problems facing Jiang Zemin in 1997 as he takes control of China for the next leg of economic development.
Case Author(s): Spar, Debora; Oi, Jean; Bebenek, Chris Publication Date: 02/14/2006 Revision Date: 10/16/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-041 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Business & government; Country analysis; Economic development; Economic growth; Emerging markets; Political systems Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Describes China's phenomenal development from a poor, communist country to a global powerhouse. Provides background on China's history and culture, details the reforms launched in 1978 by Seng Xiaoping, and describes the situation as of 2006, focusing on the government's attempts to equalize China's financial markets without giving up the reins of central control.
Case Author(s): Abrami, Regina; Zhang, Weiqi Publication Date: 11/15/2007 Revision Date: 03/19/2008 Product Type: Note HBS Number: 9-308-063 Geographic Setting: China Subjects: Developing countries; Economic development; Global business; Government & business Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Offers a detailed overview of the structure and operation of the Chinese political system today. Key issues that are discussed include: 1) the relationship between the Communist Party of China and the state; 2) the relationship between central and local levels of government; 3) the Chinese electoral system; and 4) current pressures for change. Also includes a number of useful exhibits on Communist Party membership, political structure, and the administrative system. Can be assigned alone as an introductory piece to a course on the Chinese business environment or used along with any individual case.
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/02/2006 Revision Date: 11/21/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-021 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: On July 21, 2005 China revalued its decade-long quasi-fixed exchange rate of approximately 8.28 yuan per U.S. dollar by 2.1% to 8.11% and, at the same time, introduced a more market-based exchange rate system. Many analysts and economists were disappointed with what they considered too small a change and called for more flexibility in the U.S. dollar/yuan exchange rate. Modification to China's exchange rate regime had been eagerly anticipated and much debated in the preceding months as China's trade surplus against the United States reached record highs and as friction intensified with Europe and Japan. Also, analysts argued that the tightly managed exchange rate put a strain on China's own economy. Not only was the exchange rate expensive to sustain, but it contributed to — as well as limited China's flexibility in responding to — a potentially overheating economy. Although China's extensive controls on the movement of capital into the country helped to counteract some inflationary pressure, controls were becoming more porous as China increasingly integrated with the world economy. It remained to be seen what China would ultimately choose to do with its exchange rate regime. May be used with: (9-706-022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-023) China: To Float or Not
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/02/2006 Revision Date: 12/01/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 706021 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (706060), 21p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: On July 21, 2005 China revalued its decade-long quasi-fixed exchange rate of approximately 8.28 yuan per U.S. dollar by 2.1% to 8.11% and, at the same time, introduced a more market-based exchange rate system. Many analysts and economists were disappointed with what they considered too small a change and called for more flexibility in the U.S. dollar/yuan exchange rate. Modification to China's exchange rate regime had been eagerly anticipated and much debated in the preceding months as China's trade surplus against the United States reached record highs and as friction intensified with Europe and Japan. Also, analysts argued that the tightly managed exchange rate put a strain on China's own economy. Not only was the exchange rate expensive to sustain, but it contributed to — as well as limited China's flexibility in responding to — a potentially overheating economy. Although China's extensive controls on the movement of capital into the country helped to counteract some inflationary pressure, controls were becoming more porous as China increasingly integrated with the world economy. It remained to be seen what China would ultimately choose to do with its exchange rate regime. May be used with: (706022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (706023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ):
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/03/2006 Revision Date: 04/03/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-022 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: On July 21, 2005 China revalued its decade-long quasi-fixed exchange rate of approximately 8.28 yuan per U.S. dollar by 2.1 % to 8.11% and, at the same time, introduced a more market-based exchange rate system. Many analysts and economists were disappointed with what they considered too small a change and called for more flexibility in the U.S. dollar yuan exchange rate. Provides a timeline of further changes relevant to the Chinese renminbi. May be used with: (9-706-023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ): Esquel Group and the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-031) China: To Float or Not To Float? (D): Bank of American's Strategic Investment in China Construction Bank; (9-706-035) China: To Float or Not to Float? (E): ABB Investment in China; (9-706-036) China: To Float or Not to Float? (F): Alcatel and Strong Chinese Competition; (9-706-021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/03/2006 Revision Date: 03/20/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 706022 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (706060), 21p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: On July 21, 2005 China revalued its decade-long quasi-fixed exchange rate of approximately 8.28 yuan per U.S. dollar by 2.1 % to 8.11% and, at the same time, introduced a more market-based exchange rate system. Many analysts and economists were disappointed with what they considered too small a change and called for more flexibility in the U.S. dollar yuan exchange rate. Provides a timeline of further changes relevant to the Chinese renminbi. May be used with: (706023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ): Esquel Group and the Chinese Renminbi; (706031) China: To Float or Not To Float? (D): Bank of American's Strategic Investment in China Construction Bank; (706035) China: To Float or Not to Float? (E): ABB Investment in China; (706036) China: To Float or Not to Float? (F): Alcatel and Strong Chinese Competition; (706021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/06/2006 Revision Date: 11/20/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-023 Geographic Setting: China Industry Setting: Banking industry; Textile industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: In July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% and adjusted its exchange rate regime toward a more market-based system. Esquel Group, a family-run, privately held textiles firm specializing in high-quality cotton shirts with its most significant manufacturing base located in China, was among those companies confronted with the challenge of addressing the revaluation of the yuan and the possibility of future appreciation. Provides a brief overview of China's textile industry and background on Esquel Group. May be used with: (9-706-022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-031) China: To Float or Not To Float? (D): Bank of American's Strategic Investment in China Construction Bank; (9-706-035) China: To Float or Not to Float? (E): ABB Investment in China; (9-706-036) China: To Float or Not to Float? (F): Alcatel and Strong Chinese Competition; (9-706-021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/06/2006 Revision Date: 11/20/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-031 Geographic Setting: China; United States Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: With its $3 billion investment in Chinese state bank China Construction Bank, Bank of America — the second U.S. bank behind Citigroup in terms of assets and market capitalization — was one of several foreign banks directly participating in China's banking sector reform. Banking sector reform was considered by some analysts to be an important complement to capital account liberalization and further changes to China's exchange rate regime. May be used with: (9-706-022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ): Esquel Group and the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-035) China: To Float or Not to Float? (E): ABB Investment in China; (9-706-036) China: To Float or Not to Float? (F): Alcatel and Strong Chinese Competition; (9-706-021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 03/06/2006 Revision Date: 11/21/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-035 Geographic Setting: China; Switzerland Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: In July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% and adjusted its exchange rate regime toward a more market-based system. ABB, a global power and automation technologies company based out of Switzerland with operations in China, was among those companies confronted with the challenge of addressing the revaluation of the yuan and the possibility of future appreciation. Provides background on ABB's activities in China as well as incentives provided by Chinese officials for multinational corporations to move inland. May be used with: (9-706-022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ): Esquel Group and the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-031) China: To Float or Not To Float? (D): Bank of American's Strategic Investment in China Construction Bank; (9-706-036) China: To Float or Not to Float? (F): Alcatel and Strong Chinese Competition; (9-706-021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Di Tella, Rafael; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 05/15/2006 Revision Date: 11/21/2006 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-706-036 Geographic Setting: China; France Industry Setting: Banking industry; Communications industry Event Year Start: 2005 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Competitive strategy; Currency; Exchange rates; Macroeconomics; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-060), 20p, by Laura Alfaro, Rafael Di Tella, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: The Chinese operations of Alcatel, a global communications solution provider based in France, were faced with strong local competition and a difficult market. It remained unclear how Alcatel would be able to recover growth in the Chinese market. Initiatives were underway to increase focus on services over equipment, to increase Chinese research and development presence, and to merge with U.S. competitor Lucent. May be used with: (9-706-022) China: To Float or Not to Float? (B): Timeline of Changes Relevant to the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-023) China: To Float or Not to Float? (C ): Esquel Group and the Chinese Renminbi; (9-706-031) China: To Float or Not To Float? (D): Bank of American's Strategic Investment in China Construction Bank; (9-706-035) China: To Float or Not to Float? (E): ABB Investment in China; (9-706-021) China: To Float or Not to Float? (A).
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K. Publication Date: 01/16/2001 Revision Date: 02/13/2001 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Supplements The World Trade Organization: After the Seattle Protests. Must be used with: (9-700-132) The World Trade Organization: After the Seattle Protests. HBS Number: 9-701-081 Subjects: International business; International trade; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Farhoomand, Ali; Tao, Zhigang; Ying, Jiang; Xiang, Liu Tian Publication Date: 01/07/2005 Product Type: Note Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: Introduces the reform and development of China's telecommunications industry in the past 10 years, which led to the current situation with six major players in the market. Discusses several factors affecting the development of the industry, such as WTO accession, legal structure, and 3G technology, further demonstrating that the industry is in transition from a planned monopoly to market-driven competition. As the Chinese government is hesitant to give up complete control, it will retain its strong role in the industry for a period of time. HBS Number: HKU370 Geographic Setting: Hong Kong Industry Setting: Telecommunications industry Event Year Start: 2004 Event Year End: 2004 Subjects: Competition; Globalization; Industry analysis; Market evolution; Monopolies; Regulations; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Spar, Debora; Huntsberger, Briana Publication Date: 03/16/2001 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. A rewritten version of an earlier supplement. Must be used with: (9-797-015) Chiquita Brands International (A). HBS Number: 9-701-106 Subjects: Commodity markets; Food; Imports; Interest groups; International trade; Political process; Politics Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 08/07/2001 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: Examines the founding and early development of an Indian venture capital firm. Focuses on the opportunity in the Indian high-technology sector, how the founders have adapted the U.S. venture capital model to an emerging market context, and the organizational challenges of early success. Teaching Purpose: To explore the venture capital business in an emerging market context. HBS Number: 9-702-005 Geographic Setting: Bombay, IndiaIndustry Setting: venture capitalNumber of Employees: 23 Event Year Start: 1998Event Year End: 2000 Subjects: Emerging markets; Entrepreneurship; High technology; India; Venture capital Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi; Lane, David Publication Date: 04/14/2006 Revision Date: 10/17/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-012 Geographic Setting: Asia Industry Setting: Private equity Number of Employees: 17 Gross Revenues: $100 million revenues Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Capital budgeting; Competition; Cross cultural relations; Globalization; Venture capital Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-069), 12p, by Rawi Abdelal Product Description: In the autumn of 2002, JAFCO Asia, a subsidiary of JAFCO Co., Ltd., became the first foreign private equity firm to open an office in Beijing's Haidian Science Park. JAFCO was the only Japanese private equity firm operating in China. As such, Managing Director Vincent Chan observed, “JAFCO is the bridge between Japan and China.” Yet, under that bridge the waters appeared increasingly choppy. While the economic relationship between Japan and China had grown increasingly close, their political relations had not and some Japanese firms had begun to reassess their commitment to China. Would capital-rich Japan and capital-poor China find a way to transcend their troubled history? Could JAFCO Asia be a catalyst for cooperation, or would its managers find their own operations affected by rivalry between Asia's two most important countries? The mix of formal rules and informal practices that governed foreign private equity firms in China was complex. Opening an office in Beijing signified a renewal of JAFCO Asia's efforts to master these challenges and coincided with an acceleration of the firm's investments. But JAFCO's first years of engagement with China had not been notably successful, and without some fundamental changes, there was little reason to believe that the addition of a physical presence
Teaching Note Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi Publication Date: 06/20/2006 Revision Date: 02/06/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-706-069 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-706-012) Chrysanthemum and Dragon: JAFCO Asia in China.
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Kiron, David Publication Date: 07/27/2004 Revision Date: 09/07/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-805-020 Geographic Setting: China Gross Revenues: $18.9 million revenues Event Year Start: 1994 Event Year End: 2004 Subjects: Business government relations; Business history; High technology; International business; Internet; Multinational corporations Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Cisco, the corporate leader in the provision of infrastructure for the Internet, entered China in 1994. Companies such as Cisco, which designs products that are largely invisible and outsources their manufacture, face a number of opportunities and challenges in an emerging economy. China was among the fastest growing IT markets in the world, but Cisco faced growing competition from Chinese firms, including Huawei, and there were serious issues arising from software piracy. Cisco also had to manage a delicate relationship with the Chinese government, which was seeking international technology standards that favored Chinese technology firms.
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Kiron, David Publication Date: 07/27/2004 Revision Date: 02/25/2008 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 805020 Geographic Setting: China Gross Revenues: $18.9 million revenues Event Year Start: 1994 Event Year End: 2004 Subjects: Business government relations; Business history; Computers; International business; Internet; Multinational corporations Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Cisco, the corporate leader in the provision of infrastructure for the Internet, entered China in 1994. Companies such as Cisco, which designs products that are largely invisible and outsources their manufacture, face a number of opportunities and challenges in an emerging economy. China was among the fastest growing IT markets in the world, but Cisco faced growing competition from Chinese firms, including Huawei, and there were serious issues arising from software piracy. Cisco also had to manage a delicate relationship with the Chinese government, which was seeking international technology standards that favored Chinese technology firms.
Case Author(s): Bose, Indranil ; Banerjee, Shilpi Publication Date: 07/03/2009 Product Type: Supplement Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU870 Geographic Setting: Saudi Arabia Subjects: Licensing; Deregulation; Policy making; Business policy; Business & government; Social policy; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Arthur D. Little and CITC, Saudi Arabia's telecom regulator had started developing the licensing framework that was set to bring competition to the Kingdom's telecommunications market. First, they had to decide on the right number of players to enter the fixed line market. Then, the process and criteria for selecting these operators needed to be determined.
Case Author(s): Bose, Indranil ; Banerjee, Shilpi Publication Date: 06/11/2009 Product Type: Case Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU831 Geographic Setting: Saudi Arabia Subjects: Deregulation; Policy making; Business policy; Business & government; Social policy; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement, (HKU870), 16p, by Indranil Bose,Shilpi Banerjee Product Description: In 2002, the Communications and Information Technology Commission (CITC), the Saudi Arabian telecommunications regulator, issued the second mobile services licence in the country to Ettihad Etisalat, a UAE-based telecommunications services company. This was Saudi Arabia's first step towards the liberalization of the telecommunications sector. The demand for telecommunications was strong, but development and deployment of new services lagged behind this demand. The government's plan was to attract further multinational players into the country by awarding more licenses for mobile and fixed line service providers by 2006. Arthur D. Little, a global management consulting firm, was hired by CITC in 2006 to assist in the deregulation process of the Saudi telecom market. This case highlights the key concerns and challenges that CITC faced between choosing long-term investments for building a telecommunications infrastructure within Saudi Arabia and providing increasing consumer choices in a country that was experiencing a rapidly growing consumer demand for these services.
Case Author(s): Emmons, Willis; Calles, Martin Publication Date: 04/03/1998 Revision Date: 07/22/1998 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. Must be used with: (9-798-085) Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A). HBS Number: 9-798-091 Geographic Setting:Industry Setting: Subjects: Business government relations; Competition; Deregulation; Monopolies; Privatization; Telecommunications Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Goldberg, Ray A.; Hogan, Harold F., Jr. Publication Date: 10/28/2002 Revision Date: 02/28/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: Codex Alimentarius is a set of international food standards devised by the Codex Commission, a body within the United Nations jointly sponsored by the FAO and WHO. The purpose of the standards is to harmonize global trade in food products and agricultural commodities, protect the health of consumers, and promote fair trade practices in foods. A subset of the commission's work involved establishing international food labeling standards. The most disputed issue in food labeling dealt with the topic of genetically modified ingredients and how to treat them. HBS Number: 9-903-417 Industry Setting: Agribusiness; Food industry Event Year Start: 2002 Event Year End: 2002 Subjects: Agribusiness; Food; Standardization; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Herrero, Gustavo; Reinhardt, Forest ; Patnaik, Sanjay Publication Date: 06/03/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-709-060 Geographic Setting: Chile; Latin America Number of Employees: 700 Gross Revenues: $1.3 billion (FY2008) Event Year Start: 2009 Event Year End: 2009 Subjects: Business government relations; Economic development; Energy; Government; Laws & regulations; Long term planning; Politics; Strategic planning Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: The case is about Colbun, one of Chile's major electricity companies, and its operations in a historically regulated industry.
Case Author(s): Yoffie, David B. Publication Date: 06/27/1994 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Updates the (A) case. Must be used with: (9-391-106) Collision Course in Commercial Aircraft: Boeing-Airbus-McDonnell Douglas--1991 (A). HBS Number: 9-794-149 Subjects: Aircraft; Business government relations; EC single market; International business; Transportation Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Porter, Michael E.; Ramirez-Vallejo, Jorge Publication Date: 09/10/2009 Revision Date: 09/24/2009 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 710417 Geographic Setting: Columbia Event Year Start: 1990 Event Year End: 2008 Subjects: Clusters; Competition; Competitive environment; Industry analysis; Strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: The case is designed to explore the process of building competitiveness, particularly in an unstable environment, with a focus on organizations for competitiveness.
Case Author(s): Goldberg, Ray A.; Knoop, Carin-Isabel; Str Publication Date: 11/30/2000 Revision Date: 01/03/2001 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: In 1996, Commercial Capital, a Greek venture capital firm, partnered with Saint George's Mill, a Greek flour miller, to explore agribusiness opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1997, the two companies were considering buying Titan, the largest flour mill and bakery in Bucharest, Romania, which was being privatized. Teaching Purpose: Illustrates how to approach and do business in former Communist countries such as Romania. Gives a complete overview of the challenges and opportunities raised by the Romanian privatization of the agribusiness industry. May be used with: (9-901-012) Commercial Capital SA (B). HBS Number: 9-901-005 Geographic Setting: Greece/RomaniaIndustry Setting: agribusinessNumber of Employees: 76Gross Revenues: $55 million revenues Event Year Start: 1997Event Year End: 1997 Subjects: Acquisitions; Agribusiness; Eastern Europe; Food processing industry; Global Research Group; Political risk; Privatization; Venture capital Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Goldberg, Ray A.; Knoop, Carin-Isabel; Str Publication Date: 11/30/2000 Revision Date: 12/12/2000 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: In 1997, Commercial Capital, a Greek venture capital firm, and its partner Saint George's Mill, a Greek flour miller, were awarded the tender for Titan, the largest flour mill and bakery in Bucharest, Romania, by the Romanian government. The two partners had to learn how to manage the mill and make it prosper in a country in economic transition. Teaching Purpose: Illustrates how to manage investments in former Communist countries such as Romania. Dwells on the necessity for Westerners to change their mindsets and practices in order to be successful. May be used with: (9-901-005) Commercial Capital SA (A). HBS Number: 9-901-012 Geographic Setting: Greece/RomaniaIndustry Setting: agribusinessNumber of Employees: 76Gross Revenues: $55 million revenues Event Year Start: 1997Event Year End: 1997 Subjects: Acquisitions; Agribusiness; Eastern Europe; Food processing industry; Global Research Group; Political risk; Privatization; Venture capital Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Trumbull, Gunnar; Corsi, Elena; Dessain, Vincent Publication Date: 12/15/2006 Revision Date: 03/21/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-707-027 Geographic Setting: Europe; France Industry Setting: Agriculture industry Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Agriculture; EU; Subsidies; Tariffs; Trade policy Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Presents the history and evolution of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, from early price supports to the 2003 decision to “decouple” payments to European farmers. Explores the logic behind agricultural supports, with a focus on the economic, political, and cultural context of French farming. Discusses efforts to reform the CAP in the context of the Doha Round of WTO negotiations against the backdrop of European enlargement.
Case Author(s): Anderson, Terry; Brown, Matthew Publication Date: 03/01/2000 Revision Date: 06/22/2001 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University Product Description: US Forest Capital was founded in 1998 by Joe Euphrat and Tom Tuchmann to allow nonprofit organizations to participate in the market for forestland through low-yield, tax-exempt revenue bonds, thereby making tax-exempt sustainable forestry a reality. With access to a well-established financial market, nonprofit organizations would be able to raise the considerable sums needed to become active in the market for forestlands. And by using tax-exempt bonds, the nonprofits could manage their forestland more sustainably because their obligations to pay back interest would not be as high. US Forest Capital proposed the use of tax-exempt revenue bonds: bonds “secured by revenue from tolls, user charges, or rents derived from the facility financed.” In the case of a forest purchased with the revenue bonds, revenue from the operation of the forest, such as timber harvests, would be used to meet the obligation to the bondholders. To realize their plan, US Forest Capital and its partners must convince the U.S. Congress to amend the Internal Revenue Code to allow nonprofit organizations to issue the bonds for the purpose of forestry purchases. Teaching Purpose: To demonstrate the coalition building and strategies needed to overcome the obstacles of special interest group behavior and political restrictions. HBS Number: P29 Geographic Setting: San Francisco, CA Industry Setting: investment banking Number of Employees: 4 Event Year Start: 1990 Event Year End: 1999 Subjects: Environmental protection; Financial strategy; Incentives; Investment banking; Nonprofit organizations; Public policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Rotemberg, Julio J.; Kalka, Michelle Publication Date: 04/10/2001 Revision Date: 06/26/2001 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Focuses on a decision by the European Competition Commissioner Mario Monti about U.S.-based Microsoft Corp. Sun has complained to the commission that Microsoft has installed components in its desktop operating system that only “talk'' to Microsoft operating systems for servers. Sun has further complained that Microsoft released information about its operating systems to some partners but not to Sun. The commission has issued a formal complaint but Monti's decision is still pending at the time of the case. As background for this decision, the case contains information about the U.S. antitrust case against Microsoft, about U.S. and European competition laws, and about the way European lawmakers have dealt with interconnections among IT components in the past. Teaching Purpose: The proper role of antitrust and the evolution of the European Commission. HBS Number: 9-701-043 Geographic Setting: Belgium Event Year Start: 2000 Event Year End: 2001 Subjects: Antitrust laws; Belgium; Competition; Computer industry; EC single market; Europe Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Baron, David P. Publication Date: 10/20/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University HBS Number: P66 Geographic Setting: Thailand Industry Setting: Pharmaceutical industry Subjects: International business; Legal aspects of business; Legal issues; Patents; Public relations; World Trade Organization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product.
Teaching Note Author(s): Huang, Yasheng Publication Date: 04/12/2002 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-702-065 Subjects: Business government relations; Foreign investment; International business Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Managing International Trade and Investment (MITI), an elective course for second-year MBA students, approaches international business issues from an institutional perspective. A fundamental premise of MITI is that globalization is a process whereby powerful economic forces accentuate and bring into sharp focus the institutional differences among countries. Economic convergence--defined here as a process of increasing reliance on foreign investment and, to a lesser extent, foreign trade--may have occurred, but institutional divergence has persisted and is unlikely to go away soon. The field-based cases and supplemental readings in MITI are either written or taught with the objective of deepening students' understanding of and sensitivities to institutional and other nonmarket issues in international business.
Case Author(s): Wong, Ka-Fu; Wong, Richard; Ramon-Berjano, Carola Publication Date: 01/12/2005 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: Investigates the Hong Kong government's decision-making process in relation to the 2003 New Territories Taxi Fare Reduction Scheme. Under the scheme, the government first decided to cut fares for all New Territories taxis by 20% and then reinstated previous fare levels within one month because of protests by some taxi operators. The taxi industry in Hong Kong can be considered a cartel consisting of three major groups of taxi operators: rentee-drivers, renter-owners, and owner-drivers. Each group has its own interests and agenda regarding the fare structure and regulations. Identifies operators who supported and opposed the fare concession scheme. HBS Number: HKU366 Geographic Setting: Hong Kong Event Year Start: 2003 Event Year End: 2003 Subjects: Business & government; Cartels; Decision making; Industry analysis; Prices; Regulations Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU367), 7p, by Ka-Fu Wong, Richard Wong, Carola Ramon-Berjano
Teaching Note Author(s): Wong, Ka-Fu; Wong, Richard; Ramon-Berjano, Carola Publication Date: 01/12/2005 Product Type: Teaching Note Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU367 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (HKU366) Conflicting Interests in Taxi-Fare Regulation.
Case Author(s): Baron, David P. Publication Date: 10/20/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University HBS Number: P69 Geographic Setting: England; United States Industry Setting: Pharmaceutical industry Subjects: Advertising campaigns; Advertising ethics; Direct marketing; Marketing campaigns; Marketing strategy; Public relations Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: In 2005, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market Requip (Ropinirole) for Restless Leg Syndrome. Requip had already been approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Prior the FDA's approval, GSK had already undertaken an intensive promotional campaign for Requip, issuing press releases, advertising to doctors in medical journals, and advertising direct-to-consumer. In 2003 it began developing consumer awareness of RLS with an advertising campaign stating that a “new survey reveals a common yet underrecognized disorder — restless legs syndrome — is keeping Americans awake at night.” While GSK explained that its campaign was simply raising awareness about RLS, others disagreed. GSK was accused of 'disease mongering,' or trying to turn normal people with ordinary experiences into patients. This case explores GSK's tactics and the distinction between raising awareness and inappropriately promoting a drug.
Case Author(s): Kanno, Akiko; Trumbull, Gunnar Publication Date: 10/01/2008 Revision Date: 09/10/2009 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-709-017 Geographic Setting: Japan Industry Setting: Banking industry Event Year Start: 2000 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Consumer credit; Foreign investment Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement (Field), (9-710-018), 8p, by Akiko Kanno, Gunnar Trumbull Product Description: Despite a tradition of high household savings, Japan has supported a dynamic and technically sophisticated consumer lending sector. The high profitability of the sector has periodically attracted interest from domestic banks as well as international investors. Most recently, in 1998 and 2000 respectively, GE Capital and Citi Financial both acquired Japanese consumer lending companies. In 2006, when the Japanese Supreme Court rules that one of the big Japanese consumer lenders must repay a borrower for “excess interest payments,” the U.S. firms must decide how to respond.
Case Author(s): Kanno, Akiko; Trumbull, Gunnar Publication Date: 09/10/2009 Product Type: Supplement (Field) HBS Number: 9-710-018 Geographic Setting: Japan Event Year Start: 2008 Event Year End: 2008 Subjects: Consumer credit; Finance Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: As the regulatory environment for consumer lending evolves, CFJ has to decide how to respond. Must be used with: (9-709-017) Consumer Lending in Japan: Citi CFJ (A).
Case Author(s): Bell, David E.; Shelman, Mary Publication Date: 12/12/2006 Revision Date: 12/14/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-507-020 Geographic Setting: Global Industry Setting: Agriculture industry Number of Employees: 70 Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Agribusiness; Agriculture; Developing countries; Environmental protection; Environmental regulations; Government & business; Natural resources Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was a U.N. treaty that by 2006 had been signed by virtually every country in the world except for the United States. The treaty established three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. Although the treaty had been in effect for almost 15 years, progress was slow. CBD Executive Secretary Ahmed Djoghlaf needed to increase the participation of the private sector in order to meet the treaty's “2010 Target,” which called for a significant reduction in the loss of biodiversity at all levels (global, regional, and national). Provides background on the relationship between biodiversity and agriculture.
Case Author(s): Ghemawat, Pankaj; Foley, C. Fritz Publication Date: 09/08/1998 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: In the early 1980s, Turkey adopted policies that liberalized trade as a part of a structural adjustment program. Within the garment industry, small- and medium-scale enterprises were not well positioned to take advantage of the new opportunities to compete in international markets. In order to overcome challenges in marketing, obtaining financing, and negotiating with government trade officials, competitors came together to form Ege Giyim Sanayi ve Dis Ticaret A.S. (EGS). EGS's rapid expansion forced it to face crucial questions about both its governance structure and future diversification opportunities. HBS Number: 9-799-024 Geographic Setting: TurkeyIndustry Setting: textiles Event Year Start: 1980Event Year End: 1996 Subjects: Competition; Corporate governance; Eastern Europe; Expansion; Industry structure; International business; Organizational structure; Textiles; Trade policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Scott, Bruce R.; Mondschean, Thomas S. Publication Date: 01/15/2002 Revision Date: 09/30/2002 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-702-018 Geographic Setting: United States Event Year Start: 1960 Event Year End: 2001 Subjects: Corporate governance; Macroeconomics; Productivity; Profitability; Restructuring Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-703-023), 28p, by Bruce R. Scott, Thomas S. Mondschean Product Description: Discusses various macroeconomic, regulatory, technological, and financial forces that led to increased corporate restructuring in the United States beginning in the mid-1980s. The U.S. financial system is often viewed as the most developed in the world and a model for other countries to follow. Similarly, the U.S. model of corporate governance — with its emphasis on shareholder value and an active market for corporate control — is also viewed as a model. Examines pressures for corporate restructuring and the emergence of an active market for corporate control for very large firms beginning in the early 1970s. Discusses the effects of this restructuring on corporate profitability and productivity. Provides data on the evolution of a number of indicators of performance, including productivity by sector, market capitalization relative to replacement cost, and rates of return both on assets and on equity. In brief, it finds that U.S. firms showed significantly improved after-tax returns on shareholder equity over the period while failing to make significant improvements on their pre-tax returns on assets — adjusted for the effects of the business cycle. Given the lack of comparable accounting data on returns across countries, conclusions about the performance of U.S. firms versus European ones isn't possible. Teaching Purpose: To compare and evaluate German, Japan
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Di Tella, Rafael Publication Date: 03/29/2001 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Explores various aspects of corruption in international business. This case is organized in two sections. The first section provides a broad discussion of the ethical, business, and legal aspects of corruption. The second section provides a series of "caselets" that are designed to promote discussion of how students would act in particular situations, as well as the potential costs and benefits of these actions. Teaching Purpose: To introduce students to the issues surrounding corruption in international business. May be used with: (9-701-129) Corruption in International Business (B). HBS Number: 9-701-128 Subjects: Bribery; Emerging markets; Ethics; International business; Public policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Di Tella, Rafael Publication Date: 04/02/2001 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Focuses on efforts to combat corruption. Approaches include international laws, international agreements, efforts by international development organizations, and private efforts by firms and non-governmental organizations. Teaching Purpose: To introduce students to the issues surrounding corruption in international business. May be used with: (9-701-128) Corruption in International Business (A). HBS Number: 9-701-129 Subjects: Bribery; Emerging markets; Ethics; International business; Public policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Wong, Ka-fu; Chan, Chester; Stimson, Mark Publication Date: 08/28/2006 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU586 Geographic Setting: China; Hong Kong Industry Setting: Petroleum industry Subjects: Alternative energy; Business & society; Business government relations; Petroleum; Pricing; Regulations; Subsidies Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU587), 7p, by Ka-fu Wong, Chester Chan, Mark Stimson Product Description: Studies a Hong Kong government environmental mandate to replace the territory's diesel-powered taxicab fleet with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-powered vehicles. In order to encourage the transition, taxi owners were given cash grants to purchase new LPG vehicles and drivers were promised “cheap” fuel. In exchange for selling at or below capped prices, certain companies received “free” land to develop dedicated LPG filling stations. Other local filling stations sold LPG fuel alongside gasoline and diesel fuel, although at market prices. All stations in the territory were supplied by fuel imported from abroad.
Case Author(s): Austin, James E. Publication Date: 12/12/1988 Revision Date: 12/05/1989 Product Type: Note Product Description: Presents basic framework for country analysis as used in Business, Government, and the International Economy course. HBS Number: 9-389-080 Subjects: Business conditions; Business government relations; Economic analysis; International business; Politics Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Scott, Bruce R. Publication Date: 01/12/2001 Product Type: Note Product Description: Substantially rewritten to establish the relevance of countries in the global context. It does so in terms of their differing economic performance in recent decades, and also by contrasting those that have "converged" toward the rich country norm (as theory would predict) from those that have not. It then develops the country analysis framework, with a scheme to identify context, strategy, and performance. Adds a political dimension, following Sam Huntington's emphasis on the strength of a state/government rather than its form; Hernando de Soto's notion that property rights are more important for most Third World countries than FDI receipts; and Joe Stiglitz's thesis that the notion of differing positions on a common production function is simply not plausible. Thus, advantages remain to be created, and substandard returns should be expected in order to catch up. In addition, provides an economic strategy matrix for the classification of strategies, or for the analysis of their evolution through time. A short bibliography is included. A rewritten version of an earlier note. HBS Number: 9-701-074 Subjects: Currency; International business; Location of industry; Macroeconomics; Market analysis Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Dyck, Alexander Publication Date: 01/22/1997 Revision Date: 05/02/1997 Product Type: Note Product Description: A manager's ability to build profitable firms depends upon the business environment within which firms interact. This note presents a framework to help understand, anticipate, and perhaps foster changes in the business environment. Describes building a picture of the business environment as country analysis. The country analysis framework has three interdependent components of strategy, context, and performance. Focuses on identifying and evaluating the national and international context. In particular, clarifies the role state actors, nonfirm organizations, and ``rules of the game'' can play in firm decision making. HBS Number: 9-797-092 Subjects: Business conditions; Country analysis; Government policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Trumbull, J. Gunnar Publication Date: 04/15/2003 Revision Date: 11/10/2003 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Describes the emergence of the European Union (EU). Focuses on a critical stage in European integration -- the period in the early 1990s when member states negotiated the terms of the Maastricht Treaty. This agreement set in motion the project that would eventually lead to the formation of a single currency. Considers the political and economic conditions that led France, Germany, and Britain to undertake this common project. Teaching Purpose: To teach the history, politics, and institutions of the EU. HBS Number: 9-703-032 Geographic Setting: Europe Event Year Start: 1950Event Year End: 1992 Subjects: Europe; France; Germany; Globalization; Political systems; Politics; Regulation; Trade agreements Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 06/09/2006 Revision Date: 04/06/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-706-057 Geographic Setting: Argentina; Peru Event Year Start: 1996 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Business government relations; Contracts; Debt management Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-708-010), 13p, by Laura Alfaro, Ingrid Vogel Product Description: The role of distressed debt funds, also known as “vulture funds,” in sovereign debt restructuring was a hotly debated topic, especially after the success of Elliot Associates in converting an $11 million investment in Peruvian bonds worth $21 million into a $58 million cash payout from the country, representing the full face value of the bonds plus past-due interest. Highlights the problems associated with debt restructuring coordination. On the one hand, many observers derided firms such as Elliot and Dart as “vultures” or “rouge creditors” who sought to profit on sovereign debt restructurings at the expense of countries suffering economic hardship and of the majority of bondholders whose cooperation allowed the restructurings to take place. Critics believed that these holdout creditors created “collective action problems” and presented a major obstacle to successful sovereign debt restructurings. On the other hand, other observers argued that activist investors actually improved the market overall by demonstrating the enforceability of contracts. In fact, they argued that creditors faced too many hurdles in collecting against countries after receiving favorable judgments in support of claims.
Teaching Note Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 08/01/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-708-010 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-706-057) Creditor Activism in Sovereign Debt: “Vulture” Tactics or Market Backbone.
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Mak, Vincent Publication Date: 01/02/2002 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: In August 2001, Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), a major international investment bank, was removed from the foreign underwriting team that would handle a pending share offering for China Unicom Group Ltd., the second largest telecommunications company in the Chinese Mainland. Only two months earlier, CSFB was designated to deal with the U.S. portion of that offering. However, after the bank hosted overseas investment "road shows" attended by senior government officials from Taiwan (including the finance minister), it was officially dropped from the China Unicom underwriter list. The incident provoked criticism from governments in the United States and Taiwan and widespread activity in investment banking circles as several other banks dropped plans to host road shows for Taiwan. Teaching Purpose: To teach how business decisions may become caught up in political difficulties and how companies need to formulate strategies and policies to address such issues. HBS Number: HKU187 Geographic Setting: ChinaIndustry Setting: investment banking Event Year Start: 2001Event Year End: 2001 Subjects: Asia; Business government relations; China; International finance; Investment banking; Politics; Strategy formulation Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU217), 14p, by Michael J. Enright, Vincent Mak
Teaching Note For use with HKU187 HBS Number: HKU217 Subjects: Asia; Business government relations; China; International finance; Investment banking; Politics; Strategy formulation
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Tran, Elyssa Publication Date: 08/15/2001 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: Daewoo Motors, South Korea's second largest car maker, was on the verge of bankruptcy in September 2000. The once proud Daewoo Group (the parent company of Daewoo Motors) has been charged with not only being reckless in its investments but also fraudulent in its practice. The government must decide whether to bail out the company or let it fail. Given the importance of the company's contribution to the South Korean economy, however, the decision would have a profound impact on the direction of ongoing market reforms as well as the livelihood of its workforce at home and abroad. This case traces the origins and growth of the Daewoo chaebol within the context of South Korea's economic development framework and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of such a system. Teaching Purpose: Designed for an MBA level course in International Business. HBS Number: HKU143 Geographic Setting: South Korea Event Year Start: 2000Event Year End: 2000 Subjects: Economic development; Economic policy; Government policy; Industrial development; Korea Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Aguilar, Francis J.; Cho, Dong Sung Publication Date: 07/23/1984 Revision Date: 09/08/1986 Product Type: Supplement (Field) Product Description: Supplements the case. Must be used with: (9-385-014) Daewoo Group. HBS Number: 9-385-015 Subjects: Business government relations; Business policy; Corporate strategy; Developing countries; Entrepreneurial management; Joint ventures Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Podolny, Joel; Herrlinger, Sarah Publication Date: 05/01/1999 Revision Date: 05/12/2000 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University Product Description: D'Arcy faces a situation where political unrest may force them to leave a market in which they have spent 10 years trying to establish a presence. As a client services company, they have entered most markets at the request/demand of their global clients who need help with their own expansion efforts. The development of these global brands in Third World countries has not been easy, as D'Arcy has had to face many obstacles--from finding local assets to avoiding corruption. But the most pressing issue facing them is how to find a balance between global ad campaigns developed for international clients and local culture, which may not understand or accept these western ideas. Teaching Purpose: To provide an example of the struggle of a client services company to expand into countries where corruption abounds and the local mindset is not readily acceptant of western consumerism. HBS Number: IB21 Geographic Setting: Eastern EuropeIndustry Setting: advertisingNumber of Employees: 6,000Gross Revenues: $6.2 billion revenues Event Year Start: 1990Event Year End: 1991 Subjects: Advertising; Bribery; Eastern Europe; Government policy; Market entry Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Wadhwani, R. Daniel Publication Date: 08/25/2004 Revision Date: 09/12/2005 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: In 1938, the Mexican government expropriated the assets of foreign oil companies. Explores the legal and moral arguments in favor of and against expropriation. HBS Number: 9-805-011 Geographic Setting: Mexico Industry Setting: Petroleum industry Number of Employees: 18,000 Event Year Start: 1938 Event Year End: 1938 Subjects: Business government relations; Business history; Ethics; Foreign investment; International business; International relations; Legal aspects of business Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Wadhwani, R. Daniel Publication Date: 08/25/2004 Revision Date: 06/17/2008 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 805011 Geographic Setting: Mexico Industry Setting: Petroleum industry Number of Employees: 18,000 Event Year Start: 1938 Event Year End: 1938 Subjects: Business government relations; Business history; Ethics; Foreign investment; International business; International relations; Legal aspects of business Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: In 1938, the Mexican government expropriated the assets of foreign oil companies. Explores the legal and moral arguments in favor of and against expropriation.
Case Author(s): McCraw, Thomas K. Publication Date: 06/13/1991 Revision Date: 06/18/1993 Product Type: Note Product Description: Supplements the general argument concerning the decline of the British economy by showing how vertical specialization, horizontal competition, and entrenched job control combined to create incentives for management to adapt to changing international conditions by relying on traditional technologies. The main teaching objective of the case is to demonstrate how organizational structures determine the choice of technique, to clarify the distinctions between low-throughput and high-throughput production strategies and between external and internal economies, and to show both the productivity limits of the low-throughput strategy and the difficulty that enterprise participants will have in moving away from this strategy. HBS Number: 9-391-253 Subjects: Business history; Economic development; Industry analysis; Textiles; United Kingdom Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Rukstad, Michael G.; Pope, Daniel A. Publication Date: 03/08/1984 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Supplements the case. Must be used with: (9-384-116) The Decline of the Dollar--1978. HBS Number: 9-384-172 Subjects: Economic policy; Foreign exchange; Foreign exchange rates; International finance; Macroeconomics; Monetary policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi Publication Date: 01/30/2002 Revision Date: 03/06/2006 Product Type: Note Product Description: Surveys scholarship on democracy and democratization. Describes the relationship between democracy and the environment of business, including capitalist economic institutions, economic growth, economic reform, and international relations. HBS Number: 9-702-036 Subjects: Business government relations; Country analysis; Economic development; Government policy; Policy making Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Daemmrich, Arthur A.; Kramarz, Benjamin Publication Date: 03/04/2009 Revision Date: 10/16/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Harvard Business School HBS Number: 709015 Geographic Setting: Denmark Gross Revenue: $345 billion Event Year Start: 2009 Subjects: Foreign investment; Globalization; Politics; EC single market; International trade; Business & government; Social policy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Case Teaching Note, (710007), 20p, by Arthur A. Daemmrich Product Description: This case describes how Denmark has balanced the impacts of globalization, including outsourcing and movement of labor with its social welfare offerings. Reforms implemented during the past two decades drove down unemployment, promoted new company formation, and put the country at or near the top of international polls on the ease of doing business. The case describes how Danes forged a consensus that embraced international trade and outsourcing while supporting continuous upgrading of workplace skills. In April 2009, the new Prime Minister, Lars L kke Rasmussen, is balancing short-term responses to a global recession against longer-term planning for the Danish labor market and macroeconomy. Can Denmark keep its borders open to the free movement of goods, services, and labor while also sustaining the breadth of its welfare offerings?
Case Author(s): Daemmrich, Arthur A.; Kramarz, Benjamin Publication Date: 03/04/2009 Revision Date: 07/15/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-709-015 Geographic Setting: Denmark Gross Revenues: $345 billion Event Year Start: 2009 Event Year End: 2009 Subjects: Business & government; EC single market; Foreign investment; Globalization; International trade; Politics Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: This case describes how Denmark has balanced the impacts of globalization, including outsourcing and movement of labor with its social welfare offerings. Reforms implemented during the past two decades drove down unemployment, promoted new company formation, and put the country at or near the top of international polls on the ease of doing business. The case describes how Danes forged a consensus that embraced international trade and outsourcing while supporting continuous upgrading of workplace skills. In April 2009, the new Prime Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen, is balancing short-term responses to a global recession against longer-term planning for the Danish labor market and macroeconomy. Can Denmark keep its borders open to the free movement of goods, services, and labor while also sustaining the breadth of its welfare offerings?
Case Author(s): Rodriguez, Peter; Marmix, Evad; Lemley, Amy Publication Date: 06/03/2005 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: UV0990 Geographic Setting: Israel Industry Setting: Venture capital firms Subjects: Macroeconomics; Venture capital Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Despite years of social and political turmoil, Israel's high-tech industry had managed to flourish. Although the economic growth rate was satisfactory by 2004, the nation's unemployment rate was still high, the national debt remained a troublesome risk, and the economy seemed far to reliant on public spending. Could a country such as Israel really become one of the richest countries in the world? This case explores the context for Israel's successes and challenges.
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Irwin, Brian P. Publication Date: 02/21/2000 Revision Date: 06/02/2002 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Explores the development of the Internet in China. Starts with background information on China, the Internet, and several common Internet business models. Discusses regulatory and business obstacles to the growth of e-commerce in China. Finally, presents forecasts and an overview of several leading firms. May be used with: (1-700-094) China.com in 1999. HBS Number: 9-700-093 Geographic Setting: ChinaIndustry Setting: Internet Subjects: China; Electronic commerce; Emerging markets; Internet Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Iyer, Lakshmi; Arora, Namrata; Macomber, John D. Publication Date: 07/21/2009 Revision Date: 07/29/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-710-004 Geographic Setting: India Industry Setting: Real estate Number of Employees: 10,000 Gross Revenues: $500,000,000 Event Year Start: 2009 Event Year End: 2009 Subjects: Business government relations; Entrepreneurship; Foreign investment; Local government; Partnerships; Political risk; Small & medium-sized enterprises; Social enterprise; Urban development Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Maharashtra state is accepting bids to redevelop Dharavi, the largest slum in Asia. A real estate developer assesses the risks and tenders a bid. The bid conditions include providing new free housing to tens of thousands of slum dwellers, which is anticipated to be paid for from the revenues from developing and selling market rate housing. While the primary concerns are cost of construction, cost of capital, and revenues from sale of units, the analysis must consider many aspects of risk including political risk, foreign exchange risk, market risk, and execution risk. Further, the discussion covers social aspects including whether the slum should be redeveloped at all, whether it should be redeveloped by government or by the private sector, and whether to accomplish it in large chunks or in smaller increments. Additional topics that can be covered include consideration of what happens to commercial activities formerly run from slum dwellings, whether the market rate units will indeed sell for high prices if there are tens of thousands of former slum dwellers housed nearby, and whether the slum dwellers will be allowed to resell their units or whether they must remain in them. Other issues include timing of the project, guarantees to and from the government and the private pa
Case Author(s): Emmons, Willis; Keller, Greg; Brand, Monica Publication Date: 06/28/1995 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Provides an update to the (A) case. Must be used with: (9-795-047) Dow Corning and the Breast Implant Controversy (A). HBS Number: 9-795-048 Subjects: Ethics; Medical supplies; Product liability; Product safety; Public policy; Public relations Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Rotemberg, Julio J. Publication Date: 09/14/2006 Revision Date: 08/29/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-707-014 Geographic Setting: Global Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-707-053), 12p, by Julio J. Rotemberg Product Description: Describes the political ramifications in the United States of Dubai-based DP World's acquisition of London-based Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). Because P&O operated some port terminals in the United States, DP World obtained clearance from the Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States before P&O shareholders approved the deal in February 2006. Nonetheless, a ruckus over port security erupted both in Congress and in the press and this ruckus led DP World to promise that it would relinquish the U.S. terminals of P&O. Also contains a brief description of Dubai and its relationship to the U.S., a discussion of issues related to port security, and a brief history of U.S. security concerns with foreign direct investment. Ends with a depiction of the Bills passed unanimously by the U.S. House and Senate to further regulate foreign investment in the wake of the DP World debacle.
Case Author(s): Vietor, Richard H.K.; Forrest, Nicole Publication Date: 02/20/2009 Revision Date: 02/25/2009 Product Type: Case (Library) Publisher: Harvard Business School HBS Number: 709043 Subjects: Economic policy; Macroeconomics; Energy; Economic development; Politics; Strategy management Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: This case, along with Saudi Arabia: Modern Reform, Enduring Stability (709-042), provides an opportunity to discuss Saudi Arabia's efforts to modernize, without really Westernizing, in sharp contrast to Dubai, a nearby Arab Emirate. As Saudi Arabia's development strategy unfolds in the past six years, it is contrasted to social and political pressures within the country, volatility in global oil markets and severe political problems in the Middle East.
Case Author(s): Goetzmann, William; Tarsis, Irina Publication Date: 07/14/2006 Revision Date: 05/24/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-207-005 Geographic Setting: United Arab Emirates Industry Setting: Amusement park & attraction industry; Real estate; Tourism industry Event Year Start: 2004 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Cross cultural relations; International business; Political behavior; Sales forecasting Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Under the leadership of the al-Maktoum family, Dubai, a member of the United Arab Emirates, invested heavily in its infrastructure to reduce national dependence on oil and gas reserves. As an established international destination for shipping, business initiatives, and tourism in the Middle East, Dubai embarked on a new megascale project: to construct the world's largest amusement park, called Dubailand. Examines various aspects of Dubai's background, world real estate and tourism trends, and environmental and political conditions of the region to support a discussion of this ambitious project's feasibility.
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Koehn, Nancy Publication Date: 06/10/1996 Revision Date: 11/25/1996 Product Type: Note Product Description: How nations trade and whether they benefit from it are two of the oldest and most important questions in political economy. In the 170 years since David Ricardo formally developed the theory of comparative advantage, it has become one of the principles most widely accepted among professional economists. Despite this wide acceptance in the professional community, the basics of international trade are still poorly understood by many policy makers and casual commentators. This note introduces the theory of comparative advantage. It is divided into four sections. The first presents a short history of the concepts behind comparative advantage. The second develops a simple model with several examples to demonstrate the gains that result from trade between nations. The third briefly covers several extensions of the simple model. Finally, two traditional objections to free trade are reviewed. A rewritten version of an earlier note. HBS Number: 9-796-183 Subjects: Business government relations; International trade; Macroeconomics; National competitiveness Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 06/14/1996 Revision Date: 11/25/1996 Product Type: Note Product Description: The theory of competitive advantage is one of the most widely accepted economic principles among economists. The theory, as well as substantial historical evidence, suggest that free trade raises national income, while government intervention in trade relations generally lowers a nation's wealth. In the last few years, however, new theories have led some commentators to question this conclusion. Based on research into imperfectly competitive industries, some of the new theoretical research suggests that it is possible to increase national wealth with specific types of government intervention in trade relations. The research is referred to as the New International Economics, or Strategic Trade theory. While interesting, these trade theories are often misunderstood and used inappropriately. This note introduces four strategic theories of trade. Also discusses several critiques of these theories. A rewritten version of an earlier note. HBS Number: 9-796-184 Subjects: Business government relations; International trade; Macroeconomics; National competitiveness Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 11/25/1999 Revision Date: 11/29/2000 Product Type: Note Product Description: Programs of economic liberalization often lead to dramatic changes in industry structure. This note presents excerpts from several research papers that summarize findings on how industries evolve following abrupt policy reforms. The note is organized into seven sections. The first introduces the concept of competitive shocks and briefly discusses their prevalence. Subsequent sections discuss typical patterns of industry transformation, entry and exit, changes in concentration levels, and changes in foreign presence (defined as imports plus sales of foreign-owned plants). HBS Number: 9-700-075 Subjects: Economic development; Economic policy; Emerging markets; National competitiveness Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Rukstad, Michael G. Publication Date: 12/09/1982 Revision Date: 06/18/1993 Product Type: Note Product Description: Introduces students to some general tools of economics that will be useful in analyzing macroeconomic performance in a course on business, government, and the international economy. The four sections are: 1) the economy as a circular flow, 2) supply and demand, 3) aggregate supply and aggregate demand, and 4) an introduction to National Income accounting. HBS Number: 9-383-079 Subjects: Economic analysis; Government policy; Macroeconomics; Supply & demand Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Irwin, Brian P. Publication Date: 02/03/2000 Revision Date: 02/21/2001 Product Type: Note Product Description: Introduces the concept of ecotourism, discusses consumptive and non-consumptive programs, and reviews the benefits and costs of this approach to development. May be used with: (9-799-085) The CAMPFIRE Program: Wildlife Management in Zimbabwe. HBS Number: 9-700-099 Subjects: Economic development; Emerging markets; Environmental protection; Tourism; Travel Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 01/02/2001 Revision Date: 01/30/2003 Product Type: Case (Field) Product Description: Explores the possibility of launching an e-procurement firm to serve the Nigerian oil and gas sector. Recent HBS graduate Fola Ogunsiakan, has identified a potential entrepreneurial opportunity, but faces several significant obstacles to success. This case considers market analysis, local conditions, the issue of partnering, and business-government relations. Teaching Purpose: Used as an introduction to the New Opportunities in Emerging Markets course. HBS Number: 9-701-066 Geographic Setting: NigeriaIndustry Setting: Internet servicesNumber of Employees: 20Gross Revenues: $5 million revenues Event Year Start: 2000Event Year End: 2000 Subjects: Africa; Electronic commerce; Emerging markets; Entrepreneurship; International business; Internet Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Bell, David E.; Shelman, Mary Publication Date: 12/12/2006 Revision Date: 10/29/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-507-019 Geographic Setting: Brazil Industry Setting: Agriculture industry Number of Employees: 8,600 Gross Revenues: $600 million revenues Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Agribusiness; Agriculture; Environmental protection; Globalization; Public sector Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Brazil's national agricultural research corporation, Embrapa, has developed an integrated crop and livestock production system that will allow farmers and ranchers to intensify production and improve profitability. Broad adoption of the technology would provide the country with greater agricultural production, a major source of exports, without the need to convert additional areas of the Cerrado or Amazon to farmland. However, producers have been slow to adopt it due to the initial costs of the system and the fact that many of the benefits are beyond the farm gate. Embrapa's director of technology transfer must develop a plan to encourage adoption.
Case Author(s): Lashober, Paula J.; Pradel, Dina; McGinn, Kathleen L. Publication Date: 04/14/2006 Product Type: Supplement (Field) HBS Number: 9-906-015 Subjects: Conflict; Negotiations; Political process; Power & influence; Project strategy; Social issues Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-906-014) Endesa Chile: Raising the Ralco Dam (A).
Case Author(s): Pradel, Dina; McGinn, Kathleen L.; Laschober, Paula J. Publication Date: 04/14/2006 Revision Date: 05/07/2009 Product Type: Supplement (Field) HBS Number: 906015 Subjects: Conflict; Negotiations; Political process; Power & influence; Project strategy; Social issues Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (906014) Endesa Chile: Raising the Ralco Dam (A).
Case Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi; Vietor, Richard H.K.; Tarontsi, Sogomon Publication Date: 05/22/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-709-046 Geographic Setting: Russia Number of Employees: 75,981 Gross Revenues: 61 billion Euros Event Year Start: 2000 Event Year End: 2009 Subjects: Business government relations; Deregulation; Foreign investment; Globalization; Growth strategy; Privatization; Strategic alliances Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Although the global trend toward liberalization of electric utilities forced Enel, the largest power company in Italy, to give up some of its assets in its home base, it also opened up many opportunities abroad, including in Russia, one of the largest electricity markets in the world. The case outlines Enel's internationalization strategy and then focuses on one piece of the company's strategic puzzle of global expansion: acquisition of major power-generation assets in the course of the break-up of RAO UES, the Russian electricity monopoly. The case highlights the decision-making process by the company executives in the context of possible political risks to foreign investment in Russian strategic industries and economic risks to investment in yet-to be-formed liberalized and deregulated electricity market in Russia.
Case Author(s): Rangan, V. Kasturi; Palepu, Krishna G.; Srinivasan, Sarayu; Bhasin, Anu; Desai, Mihir A. Publication Date: 05/10/1996 Revision Date: 07/06/1998 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 596099 Geographic Setting: Maharashtra Industry Setting: Energy Event Year Start: 1992 Event Year End: 1995 Subjects: Business government relations; Change management; Energy; Market entry; Negotiations; Privatization Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (598154), 6p, by V. Kasturi Rangan Product Description: A large, lucrative power plant is negotiated for construction/operation by an American power company in India's evolving privatized power sector. The process of incorporating the project is captured in this case. The American company will own and operate the plant in India, which will sell power to India. May be used with: (596100) Enron Development Corp.: The Dabhol Power Project in Maharashtra, India (B); (596101) Enron Development Corp.: The Dabhol Power Project in Maharashtra, India (C).
Case Author(s): Segel, Arthur I.; Mandelbaum, Jeff; Panossian, Armen Publication Date: 06/11/2004 Revision Date: 04/11/2005 Product Type: Note Product Description: Summarizes several of the major federal environmental statutes, most notably the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (``CERCLA'' or ``Superfund''). Also discusses several state and local regulations. Teaching Purpose: To review federal environmental statutes. HBS Number: 9-804-185 Subjects: Environmental regulations; Legal aspects of business; Real estate; Regulation Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Lluch, Andrea Publication Date: 05/01/2007 Revision Date: 06/09/2008 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 807155 Geographic Setting: Argentina Event Year Start: 1850 Event Year End: 1914 Subjects: Business history; Economic development; Entrepreneurship; Globalization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Examines the career of Ernesto Tornquist, a cosmopolitan financier considered to be the most significant entrepreneur in Argentina at the end of the 19th century. Tornquist created a diversified business group, linked to the political elite, which integrated Argentina into the trading and financial networks of the first global economy. Provides an opportunity to understand why Argentina was such a successful economy at this time, and to debate whether its very success laid the basis for the country's subsequent poor economic performance.
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Lluch, Andrea Publication Date: 05/01/2007 Revision Date: 09/20/2007 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 9-807-155 Geographic Setting: Argentina Event Year Start: 1850 Event Year End: 1914 Subjects: Business history; Economic development; Entrepreneurship; Globalization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Examines the career of Ernesto Tornquist, a cosmopolitan financier considered to be the most significant entrepreneur in Argentina at the end of the 19th century. Tornquist created a diversified business group, linked to the political elite, which integrated Argentina into the trading and financial networks of the first global economy. Provides an opportunity to understand why Argentina was such a successful economy at this time, and to debate whether its very success laid the basis for the country's subsequent poor economic performance.
Case Author(s): Pill, Huw; Kelleher, John C.; Nally, Michael; Schlendorf, David Publication Date: 06/25/2003 Revision Date: 01/22/2004 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Explores the factors determining floating exchange rates in the context of the introduction of the euro in January 1999. Teaching Purpose: To discuss the determinants of the floating exchange rates, particularly the role of expectations and sunspots. HBS Number: 9-703-071 Geographic Setting: Europe Industry Setting: finance Event Year Start: 1999 Event Year End: 1999 Subjects: Currency; Eurodollars; Europe; International finance Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Pill, Huw; Vogel, Ingrid; Goepfer, Marie-Laure Publication Date: 09/09/2002 Revision Date: 09/24/2004 Product Type: Supplement (Note) Product Description: Supplements The Blair Wealth Project: Antecedents and Prospects, Renewing Germany: Kohl's Legacy and Schroder's Dilemma, Italy: A New Commitment to Growth, and The Netherlands: Is the Polder Model Sinking? Must be used with: (9-702-051) The Netherlands: Is the Polder Model Sinking?; (9-702-087) Renewing Germany: Kohl's Legacy and Schroeder's Dilemma; (9-702-008) The Blair Wealth Project: Antecedents and Prospects; (9-703-007) Italy: A New Commitment to Growth. HBS Number: 9-703-013 Subjects: Business & society; Corporate governance; EC single market; Economic models; Economic policy; Europe; Germany; Inflation; Italy; Labor market; Labor unions; Macroeconomics; Netherlands; Politics; United Kingdom; Wages & salaries Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Abdelal, Rawi; Bruner, Christopher M. Publication Date: 08/23/2005 Revision Date: 05/31/2006 Product Type: Note Product Description: Provides background on the history and status of financial integration in the European Union. Describes the pertinent treaty-based “fundamental freedoms,” emphasizes challenges to further cross-border consolidation in the banking sector, and examines the regulatory role of the European Commission in fostering conditions conducive to further financial integration. May be used with: (9-706-009) Politics and Prudential Supervision: ABN Amro's Bid for Antonveneta (A). HBS Number: 9-706-010 Geographic Setting: Europe Industry Setting: Banking industry; Financial services Subjects: EC single market; International banking; Mergers & Acquisitions; Politics; Regulations Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Trumbull, Gunnar Publication Date: 12/14/2006 Revision Date: 03/17/2008 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-707-021 Geographic Setting: Europe Event Year Start: 2006 Event Year End: 2006 Subjects: Economic policy; EU; Foreign policy; Political economy Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Focuses on the challenges facing the European Union in 2006. Following the French and Dutch referendums in 2005, the fate of the European Constitution is in jeopardy. Ten new accession countries have just joined the EU, with Turkey in the beginning stages of the accession process. New member states and additional future members have provoked widespread debate on financial, political, and social issues. Growth within the EU has been sluggish, with high unemployment and low investment in R&D. The EU has launched a set of reforms to create a “single passport” system of mutual recognition within the EU for capital, services, and people. Still, terrorist attacks, an upsurge in domestic violence, budgetary problems, and foreign policy, enlargement, and immigration issues plague the EU. In light of these problems, what will be the future of the EU and its constitution?
Case Author(s): Pill, Huw; Vogel, Ingrid Publication Date: 10/02/2002 Revision Date: 11/19/2002 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: In the late 1990s, the United States boomed in the context of the so-called New Economy. The countries of the European Union--despite their progress with integration in the form of the Single Market 1992 program and the adoption of a single currency in January 1999--appeared to languish behind the United States and looked for ways to stimulate faster growth. Many observers pointed to the need for structural reform and, in particular, the creation of American-style deep and liquid continent-wide capital markets that would act as the catalyst for managerial change. By subjecting incumbent managers to the pressure of hostile takeovers, greater discipline and improved efficiency would result. However, hostile takeovers were anathema to the bank-centered systems of corporate governance typical of continental Europe in general and Germany in particular. The EU Commission introduced a draft takeover directive in 1989. After a tortuous process through the labyrinthine corridors of many European institutions, the directive was ultimately rejected on the basis of a tied vote in the European Parliament. This rejection had been engineered by the German Christian Democrats--a supposedly right-of-center party supported by German business. Teaching Purpose: To stimulate discussion on the European Union and stakeholder versus shareholder models of corporate governance. HBS Number: 9-703-014 Geographic Setting: Europe Event Year Start: 2002Event Year End: 2002 Subjects: Corporate governance; EC single market; Europe; Growth strategy; Regulation; Tender offers Academic Discipline: Business & government
Teaching Note Author(s): Pill, Huw Publication Date: 12/18/2003 Product Type: Teaching Note Product Description: Teaching Note to (9-703-014). Must be used with: (9-703-014) The EU's 13th Directive on Takeover Bids: Unlucky for Some?. HBS Number: 5-704-033 >Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 04/05/2001 Product Type: Exercise Product Description: Tests students' understanding of exchange rate analytics and how shifts in exchange rates affect firms' economics. Teaching Purpose: To reinforce exchange rate lessons. May be used with: (9-701-121) Exchange Rate Terminology and Analytics. HBS Number: 9-701-122 Subjects: Currency; Devaluation; Economic analysis; Emerging markets; Foreign exchange rates; International business Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 04/05/2001 Product Type: Note Product Description: Introduces students to the concept of exchange rates, simple analytics regarding currency appreciation and devaluation, and real and nominal exchange rates. Concludes with a series of examples that illustrate how shifts in exchange rates and inflation affect firms' competitiveness. Teaching Purpose: To introduce exchange rates, basic analytics, and how inflation and currency volatility affect firms. May be used with: (9-701-122) Exchange Rate Exercise. HBS Number: 9-701-121 Subjects: Currency; Devaluation; Economic analysis; Emerging markets; Foreign exchange rates; International business Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): McCraw, Thomas K. Publication Date: 07/03/1991 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Why has Britain declined? The case provides three interpretations: from a neoclassical economist, two institutional economic historians, and a sociologist. Their explanations partly overlap and partly conflict over such areas as technology, national culture, and social class. HBS Number: 9-391-254 Geographic Setting: United Kingdom Event Year Start: 1870 Event Year End: 1980 Subjects: Business government relations; Business history; Country analysis; Economic policy; Social change Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E.; Lewis, Lisa H. Publication Date: 05/14/2002 Product Type: Note Product Description: Explores the phenomenon of IT-enabled services (ITES) exports from developing countries. Reviews the business and technical drivers of this phenomenon, describes major segments of the industry, describes key challenges facing these firms, and profiles seven ITES firms. Teaching Purpose: To introduce students to the opportunity and challenges facing firms that are exporting services from developing countries. HBS Number: 9-702-064 Subjects: Developing countries; Emerging markets; Exports; Information technology; International business; Services Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Jones, Geoffrey G.; Gallagher-Kernstine, Meghan Publication Date: 07/23/2003 Product Type: Note Product Description: Covers several important expropriation cases in international business from the 20th century and highlights the legal and political difficulties these companies faced. Serves to explain expropriation, to stress the vulnerability of foreign direct investments to political risk in host countries, and to discuss the limitations of international property law. HBS Number: 9-804-020 Subjects: Foreign investment; International business; Legal aspects of business Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Subramanian, Guhan; Kalka, Michelle Publication Date: 10/29/2001 Revision Date: 12/17/2001 Product Type: Note Product Description: Describes the differing approaches the United States and Japan have taken to extending the jurisdiction of their antitrust laws to foreign companies. The section on the United States, in particular, focuses on the evolving logic of the Supreme Court in dealing with these issues. Provides the case of United States vs. Nippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd. and demonstrates the difficulties of applying somewhat abstract principles of jurisdiction to a real-life situation. Teaching Purpose: In addition to examining the rules against horizontal restraints in the United States and Japan, this note is used to pose the question: How does one manage an organization to operate within the constraints imposed by antitrust rules (and legal rules more generally) when infractions occur most frequently at the front-line levels? HBS Number: 9-902-067 Geographic Setting: United States, JapanIndustry Setting: thermal fax paper Event Year Start: 1999Event Year End: 1999 Subjects: Antitrust laws; Competition; Japan; Legal aspects of business; Price fixing Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Moss, David A.; Bolton, Cole Publication Date: 02/10/2009 Product Type: Case (Library) HBS Number: 709025 Geographic Setting: United States Industry Setting: Housing industry Event Year Start: 1931 Event Year End: 1987 Subjects: Business history; Economic depression; Federal government; Restructuring; Securities markets; Social services Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: In 1987, President Ronald Reagan established the President's Commission on Privatization to identify federal government functions that could be shifted to the private sector. One agency that the Commission considered was the Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae. Fannie Mae was a Depression-era creation that was charged with establishing a secondary market for home loans. By purchasing qualifying residential mortgages from individual home loan issuers, Fannie Mae provided these institutions with funds for the continued issuance of mortgages, thereby promoting the government's goal of increased homeownership. Although lawmakers had already partially privatized Fannie Mae in 1954 and again in 1968, the agency in 1987 still retained close links to the federal government, including an emergency line of credit from the U.S. Treasury. After its deliberations, the President's Commission recommended Fannie Mae be restructured into a fully private firm. Now it was up to Congress and the President to decide whether to accept and implement the Commission's findings.
Case Author(s): Huang, Yasheng Publication Date: 03/14/2001 Revision Date: 03/14/2002 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: China is one of the most popular investment destinations in the world. Throughout much of the 1990s, China accounted for 50% of foreign direct investment (FDI) going into developing countries and between 1994 and 1997, China was the second largest recipient of FDI in the world, after the United States. The recent agreements between China on the one hand and the United States and the European Union on the other hand over China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) may increase China's already impressive FDI inflows significantly. This case examines the drivers of FDI flows into China and the lessons for other developing countries. Teaching Purpose: To teach students to think about FDI as a competitive process. HBS Number: 9-701-061 Geographic Setting: China Event Year Start: 2000 Event Year End: 2000 Subjects: Business government relations; China; Foreign investment; Globalization; International trade; National competitiveness Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-702-048), 16p, by Yasheng Huang
Teaching Note For use with 9-701-061 HBS Number: 5-702-048 Subjects: Business government relations; China; Foreign investment; Globalization; International trade; National competitiveness
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Mak, Vincent Publication Date: 10/08/2003 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: Financial crises could happen anywhere, although emerging markets were more seriously afflicted in recent times. Debilitating and massive shocks to bank liquidity, payments systems, and solvency were obvious characteristics of financial crises, as was panic, which was often precipitated by a sudden and dramatic loss of depositor and investor confidence. Companies operating in a region where a financial crisis had broken out could undergo corporate disasters as a result. Provides a general description of financial crises and macroeconomic warning signs of them. Also describes three major financial crises in the late 1990s and early 2000s, how the business sectors of the regions were affected, and how some companies managed to ride out the crises. HBS Number: HKU299 Geographic Setting: Asia; Russia; Argentina Event Year Start: 1997 Event Year End: 2002 Subjects: Business plans; Business policy; Crisis management; Economic conditions; Macroeconomics Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU300), 5p, by Michael J. Enright, Vincent Mak
Case Author(s): Pill, Huw; Di Tella, Rafael; Schlefer, Jonathan Publication Date: 10/31/2008 Product Type: Case HBS Number: 709004 Event Year Start: 1997 Event Year End: 1998 Subjects: Devaluation; Economic conditions; Foreign direct investment; Globalization; Globalization Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: What caused the 1997-98 Asia Crisis: Asian nations' poor economic management, international financial contagion, close “crony” relations between local politicians and capitalists? This case examines how the crisis erupted in Thailand and spread in a chain of events that no one-neither Asian financial authorities nor Western economists-had foreseen. The crisis raises questions about how competently financial institutions such as mutual funds managed their global capital investments. It raises questions about how effective the International Monetary Fund's package of reforms was-and to what extent the IMF acted in the interest of Wall Street rather than developing nations. And the crisis raises questions about the development policies of Asian nations: Did too-close “crony” relations between politicians and owners of major banks or firms pave the way for crisis? Learning objective: To study the causes of financial crises and the development policies of emerging economies.
Case Author(s): Pill, Huw Publication Date: 12/02/2004 Revision Date: 12/03/2004 Product Type: Note Publisher: Harvard Business School HBS Number: 705015 Geographic Setting: Ireland Event Year Start: 1980 Event Year End: 1990 Subjects: Fiscal policy; Macroeconomics; Economic growth Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Provides a brief introduction to fiscal policy, including the fiscal multiplier. Uses Ireland's experience in the 1980s to explore the possibility that fiscal contractions — tax rises and expenditure costs — can stimulate economic growth (contrary to conventional Keynesian wisdom) via confidence effects and the establishment of a credible framework for fiscal stability over the medium term. A rewritten version of an earlier note.
Case Author(s): Kennedy, Robert E. Publication Date: 01/15/1997 Revision Date: 03/30/1998 Product Type: Note Product Description: Introduces the concept of fiscal policy. HBS Number: 9-797-076 Subjects: Country analysis; Fiscal policy; Macroeconomics Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Clavell, Esteban Publication Date: 10/28/2002 Revision Date: 07/06/2007 Product Type: Note HBS Number: 9-703-018 Industry Setting: Banking industry Subjects: Business government relations; Economic development; Foreign exchange; Government policy; International banking; International finance; Investments; Multinational corporations; Policy making Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Briefly reviews motivations and trends behind foreign direct investment and multinational corporations as well as the policy debate that surrounds them.
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Clavell, Esteban Publication Date: 10/28/2002 Revision Date: 03/03/2009 Product Type: Note HBS Number: 703018 Industry Setting: Banking industry Subjects: Business government relations; Economic development; Foreign exchange; Government policy; International banking; International finance; Investments; Multinational corporations; Policy making Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: Briefly reviews motivations and trends behind foreign direct investment and multinational corporations as well as the policy debate that surrounds them.
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; McIntyre, Stephen ; Dev, Vinati Publication Date: 07/26/2005 Revision Date: 07/18/2007 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 9-706-007 Geographic Setting: Europe; Ireland Subjects: Developing countries; Economic growth; Economic recovery; Foreign direct investment; Globalization; Government policy; Growth strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-706-025), 12p, by Laura Alfaro Product Description: Describes Ireland's transformation from one of Europe's poorest countries to one of its richest in just 10 years, earning it the title Celtic Tiger. The spectacular story of growth and recovery is attributed, in large part, to foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly from the United Sates. The government of Ireland has continually nurtured the climate for investment and through its investment promotion arm, Ireland Development Authority (IDA), has aggressively sought investment projects. Despite the apparent miracle, some question the FDI-focused policy and special incentives given. Their skepticism stems largely from the fact that Ireland's indigenous industry has remained on the periphery of this transformation, with limited linkages to the foreign sector. Offers an opportunity to examine the debate surrounding FDI. Was FDI the key ingredient in Ireland's success? What does it take for a country to attract FDI? Did government agencies, specifically IDA, play a role in the Irish success story? Also, analyzes other causes of growth — namely, Ireland's entry into the European Union and subsequent larger market access, as well as a sound macroeconomic policy.
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; McIntyre, Stephen ; Dev, Vinati Publication Date: 07/26/2005 Revision Date: 03/03/2009 Product Type: Case (Field) HBS Number: 706007 Geographic Setting: Europe; Ireland Subjects: Developing countries; Economic growth; Economic recovery; Foreign direct investment; Globalization; Government policy; Growth strategy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (706025), 12p, by Laura Alfaro Product Description: Describes Ireland's transformation from one of Europe's poorest countries to one of its richest in just 10 years, earning it the title Celtic Tiger. The spectacular story of growth and recovery is attributed, in large part, to foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly from the United Sates. The government of Ireland has continually nurtured the climate for investment and through its investment promotion arm, Ireland Development Authority (IDA), has aggressively sought investment projects. Despite the apparent miracle, some question the FDI-focused policy and special incentives given. Their skepticism stems largely from the fact that Ireland's indigenous industry has remained on the periphery of this transformation, with limited linkages to the foreign sector. Offers an opportunity to examine the debate surrounding FDI. Was FDI the key ingredient in Ireland's success? What does it take for a country to attract FDI? Did government agencies, specifically IDA, play a role in the Irish success story? Also, analyzes other causes of growth — namely, Ireland's entry into the European Union and subsequent larger market access, as well as a sound macroeconomic policy.
Teaching Note Author(s): Werker, Eric Publication Date: 07/24/2007 Product Type: Teaching Note HBS Number: 5-708-015 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-707-019) Foreign Direct Investment and South Africa.
Case Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Vagner, Arnaud Publication Date: 11/01/2005 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: University of Hong Kong Product Description: Discusses the role of foreign direct investment in China as a major driver for the high growth observed in the country since 1978. HBS Number: HKU448 Geographic Setting: China Event Year Start: 2003 Event Year End: 2005 Subjects: Business & government; Comparative advantage; Country analysis; Developing countries; Emerging markets; Exports; Foreign direct investment; Globalization; Growth; International business; Regulations Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (HKU449), 13p, by Michael J. Enright, Arnaud Vagner
Teaching Note Author(s): Enright, Michael J.; Vagner, Arnaud Publication Date: 11/01/2005 Product Type: Teaching Note Publisher: University of Hong Kong HBS Number: HKU449 Academic Discipline: Business & government Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (HKU448) Foreign Direct Investment in China.
Case Author(s): Moss, David A.; Lee, Marian; Brennan, Kevi Publication Date: 02/22/2001 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Examines the extended conflict between free traders and protectionists in Nineteenth-Century Britain. It culminates with Prime Minister Robert Peel's decision at the end of 1845 about whether to repeal the Corn Laws, a series of acts that had protected British agriculture for almost 200 years. With landowners and industrialists battling fiercely over the issues, nearly everyone agreed that the decision would be momentous. Teaching Purpose: To teach about the rise of free-trade theory (including Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage) in Nineteenth-Century Britain, and to emphasize the economic, political, and social implications of trying to shift from one trade regime to another. HBS Number: 9-701-080 Geographic Setting: Britain Event Year Start: 1800Event Year End: 1845 Subjects: Agriculture; Business history; Comparative advantage; Trade policy; United Kingdom Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-701-110), 20p, by David A. Moss
Teaching Note For use with 9-701-080 HBS Number: 5-701-110 Subjects: Agriculture; Business history; Comparative advantage; Trade policy; United Kingdom
Case Author(s): Rangan, V. Kasturi; McCaffrey, Arthur Publication Date: 02/23/2004 Revision Date: 06/21/2004 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Chronicles the development of Freeport's nearly 30 years of mining operations in Indonesia. Building on a mining concession awarded by the country's government, headed by General Suharto, Freeport, in 1973, steadily built its mining output to nearly 200,000 cubic feet/day of ore, rich in copper. In spite of the company's attempts to address environmental issues and the stakes of indigenous people, critics were unimpressed by the company's efforts and processes. With the toppling of the Suharto regime in 1998, the company has to manage through a new reality. Teaching Purpose: To examine the role of the private sector in economic development. May be used with: (9-796-124) Freeport Indonesia. HBS Number: 9-504-061 Geographic Setting: Indonesia Industry Setting: mining Gross Revenues: $1.9 billion revenues Event Year Start: 2003 Event Year End: 2003 Subjects: Analysis; Economic development; Mining Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Alfaro, Laura; Vachey, Patrick; Dessain, Vincent Publication Date: 10/16/2006 Revision Date: 07/06/2007 Product Type: Supplement HBS Number: 9-707-020 Subjects: Economic policy; Unemployment Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-796-048), 24p, by David A. Moss Product Description: An abstract is not available for this product. Must be used with: (9-795-064) Unemployment in France: “Priority Number One”.
Case Author(s): Rotemberg, Julio J.; Lewis, Lisa H. Publication Date: 07/15/2002 Revision Date: 02/27/2003 Product Type: Case (Library) Product Description: Considers the situation facing Alberto Fujimori as he takes office in 1990. Pays particular attention to Peru's long history of international borrowing, default, and renegotiation. This history suggests that the costs imposed by foreigners on Peru when it failed to meet its contracts with foreign lenders have been relatively mild. Discusses the administration of Alan Garcia, who limited payments on Peru's international debt while also leading his country into an inflationary spiral. Also discusses some of the challenges posed by a bloody insurgency group named Sendero Luminoso. HBS Number: 9-703-001 Geographic Setting: Peru Event Year Start: 1990Event Year End: 1990 Subjects: Debt management; Economic conditions; International finance; South America Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Supplement (Library), (9-703-004), 4p, by Julio J. Rotemberg, Lisa H. Lewis
Case Author(s): Rotemberg, Julio J.; Lewis, Lisa H. Publication Date: 07/15/2002 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Supplements the (A) case. Must be used with: (9-703-001) Fresh Start?: Peru's Legacy of Debt and Default (A). HBS Number: 9-703-004 Subjects: Debt management; International finance; South America Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin Publication Date: 12/06/1993 Revision Date: 03/11/1994 Product Type: Supplement (Field) Product Description: Describes how the dispute was settled. Designed as a class hand-out. Must be used with: (9-390-021) Fusion Systems Corp. in Japan (A). HBS Number: 9-794-067 Subjects: Competition; International trade; Japan; Licensing; Negotiations; Patents; Technology Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-794-068), 22p, by Benjamin Gomes-Casseres
Teaching Note For use with 9-794-067 HBS Number: 5-794-068 Subjects: Competition; International trade; Japan; Licensing; Negotiations; Patents; Technology
Case Author(s): McMillan, John; Twiss, James Publication Date: 10/24/2002 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University Product Description: Gazprom, the Russian natural-gas production and distribution firm which by some measures is the largest energy company in the world, has been very cheaply valued ever since its privatization. Reasons for this include the general uncertainty prevailing in Russian equity markets and the alleged corruption in the company, including serious asset-stripping by management. Hermitage Capital Management, a Russia-focused hedge fund run by William Browder, began investing in Gazprom in 1998, hoping that shrewd activism would increase its performance as well as its share price. This case looks at Gazprom's halting efforts at reform and discusses issues Browder must consider in deciding how to proceed. Teaching Purpose: To illustrate the difficulties facing investors in emerging markets, particularly in Russia; to discuss shareholder activism, both in general and in emerging markets; and to teach the political environment of investment in emerging markets. HBS Number: IB36 Geographic Setting: RussiaIndustry Setting: energy Event Year Start: 1990Event Year End: 2002 Subjects: Corporate governance; Emerging markets; Energy; Financial reporting; Foreign investment; Russia; Shareholder relations Academic Discipline: Business & government
Teaching Note For use with 9-303-048 HBS Number: 5-303-066 Subjects: Business government relations; Business policy; Corporate responsibility; Developing countries; Market entry; Middle East; Negotiations; Pharmaceuticals; Values
Case Author(s): Lodge, George C.; McGuire, John F. Publication Date: 01/11/1995 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Designed to follow Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification. Must be used with: (9-793-033) Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification. HBS Number: 9-795-093 Subjects: Business government relations; Country analysis; Germany; International banking; Monetary policy Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Lodge, George C. Publication Date: 09/16/1992 Revision Date: 11/09/1993 Product Type: Supplement (Library) Product Description: Provides a short update, describing what happened. Must be used with: (9-793-033) Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification. HBS Number: 9-793-042 Subjects: Business government relations; Country analysis; Germany; International banking; Monetary policy Academic Discipline: Business & government Supplementary Materials: Teaching Note, (5-793-047), 19p, by George C. Lodge
Teaching Note For use with 9-793-042 HBS Number: 5-793-047 Subjects: Business government relations; Country analysis; Germany; International banking; Monetary policy
Case Author(s): Lodge, George C. Publication Date: 09/28/1992 Revision Date: 11/04/1993 Product Type: Supplement (Note) Product Description: Designed to be handed out after discussion of Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification and its Supplement. Must be used with: (9-793-033) Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification. HBS Number: 9-793-043 Subjects: Country analysis; Europe Academic Discipline: Business & government
Case Author(s): Baron, David P.; Lim, Soon Jin; Liu, Deborah Publication Date: 08/07/2003 Product Type: Case (Field) Publisher: Stanford University Product Description: In Africa, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) confronted the reality of the AIDS crisis every day, and its decisions impacted thousands. There were no ready answers to the crisis, but everyone--governments, nongovernmental or
